Full Text:   <4232>

Summary:  <2030>

CLC number: U455

On-line Access: 2024-08-27

Received: 2023-10-17

Revision Accepted: 2024-05-08

Crosschecked: 2017-09-07

Cited: 0

Clicked: 5135

Citations:  Bibtex RefMan EndNote GB/T7714

 ORCID:

Yu Zhao

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0453-1960

-   Go to

Article info.
Open peer comments

Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A 2017 Vol.18 No.10 P.757-775

http://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A1600522


Surface settlements induced by tunneling in permeable strata: a case history of Shenzhen Metro


Author(s):  Xiao-wu Tang, Peng-lu Gan, Wei Liu, Yu Zhao

Affiliation(s):  Research Center of Coastal and Urban Geotechnical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; more

Corresponding email(s):   zhao_yu@zju.edu.cn

Key Words:  Surface settlement, Shallow tunneling method (STM), Groundwater seepage, Pre-grouting, Advance drainage, Fluid-mechanical coupled analysis


Share this article to: More |Next Article >>>

Xiao-wu Tang, Peng-lu Gan, Wei Liu, Yu Zhao. Surface settlements induced by tunneling in permeable strata: a case history of Shenzhen Metro[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University Science A, 2017, 18(10): 757-775.

@article{title="Surface settlements induced by tunneling in permeable strata: a case history of Shenzhen Metro",
author="Xiao-wu Tang, Peng-lu Gan, Wei Liu, Yu Zhao",
journal="Journal of Zhejiang University Science A",
volume="18",
number="10",
pages="757-775",
year="2017",
publisher="Zhejiang University Press & Springer",
doi="10.1631/jzus.A1600522"
}

%0 Journal Article
%T Surface settlements induced by tunneling in permeable strata: a case history of Shenzhen Metro
%A Xiao-wu Tang
%A Peng-lu Gan
%A Wei Liu
%A Yu Zhao
%J Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE A
%V 18
%N 10
%P 757-775
%@ 1673-565X
%D 2017
%I Zhejiang University Press & Springer
%DOI 10.1631/jzus.A1600522

TY - JOUR
T1 - Surface settlements induced by tunneling in permeable strata: a case history of Shenzhen Metro
A1 - Xiao-wu Tang
A1 - Peng-lu Gan
A1 - Wei Liu
A1 - Yu Zhao
J0 - Journal of Zhejiang University Science A
VL - 18
IS - 10
SP - 757
EP - 775
%@ 1673-565X
Y1 - 2017
PB - Zhejiang University Press & Springer
ER -
DOI - 10.1631/jzus.A1600522


Abstract: 
A case study of a significant surface settlement induced by tunneling in permeable strata with the shallow tunneling method is presented in this paper. The measurements of surface settlements along the excavation direction were first analyzed to highlight the impacts of groundwater seepage. Due to the groundwater inflow inside a double-arched tunnel, the surface settlement developed to a high level far beyond the measured crown settlement. The settlement-affected zone extended to 4 times the tunnel height ahead of the forefront heading and 1.5 times the tunnel height behind the hindmost heading. Consolidation resulting from high pore pressure change was considered to be the main mechanism for the large surface settlements. In addition, a 3D fluid-mechanical coupled numerical analysis was carried out to confirm the relationship between the significant surface settlement and pore pressure variation. This analysis reveals that lowering the permeability of the small pipe grouting zone, especially of the primary lining, could lessen the drop in pore pressure in the overlying strata, further reducing the total surface settlement. The numerical results also suggest that the transverse range of vertical displacement could be quite wide, and the settlement developed integrally from the tunnel crown towards the ground surface due to groundwater seepage. Moreover, the effect of advance drainage on surface settlement was investigated based on the same numerical model. Drainage with horizontal boreholes could considerably increase the safety of tunnel heading but had limited impact on surface settlement. Finally, the applications of pre-grouting and advance drainage measures were discussed for tunneling cases in permeable strata.

渗透性地层中隧道施工引起的地表沉降--以深圳地铁为例

目的:在城市地铁的建设过程中,地下水渗流对地表沉降存在较大影响。然而,渗透性地层中浅埋暗挖法施工的案例报道较少,地表沉降规律尚不明晰。本文以深圳地铁5号线和7号线重叠段工程为例,详细分析在渗流作用下浅埋暗挖法施工引起的地表沉降特征以及小导管注浆区和初支衬砌渗透性对地表沉降的影响,并进一步研究超前排水措施在沉降控制方面的作用。
创新点:1. 系统分析了富水渗透性地层中浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起的地表沉降的发展过程以及沉降特征;2. 验证了三维流固耦合数值模型模拟富水环境下重叠隧道施工过程的可行性;3. 研究了小导管注浆区、初支衬砌的渗透性和超前排水措施对地表沉降的影响。
方法:1. 结合隧道施工方案和地表沉降监测数据,分析渗流作用下的地表沉降特征(包括沉降影响范围、沉降槽宽度以及与拱顶沉降的关系等);2. 通过三维流固耦合数值模型,研究小导管注浆区和初支衬砌渗透性对地表沉降以及地层孔压变化过程的影响;3. 通过模拟掌子面前方水平排水孔,研究超前排水措施对掌子面稳定性和地表沉降发展的影响。
结论:1. 对于渗透性地层中的浅埋暗挖隧道工程,地下水渗流引起的固结效应是地表沉降量以及沉降范围大幅增长的主要原因。2. 全断面注浆能够很好地控制地表沉降,而小导管注浆的效果则十分有限。3. 降低小导管注浆区的渗透性,尤其是初支衬砌的渗透性,可以减少地层孔压的下降程度,进而降低地表沉降。4. 打设超前水平排水孔可以显著提高掌子面稳定性,却对地表沉降影响有限;当无法进行全断面注浆时,推荐采取小导管注浆与超前排水相结合的方式施工。

关键词:地表沉降;浅埋暗挖法;地下水渗流;预注浆;超前排水;流固耦合分析

Darkslateblue:Affiliate; Royal Blue:Author; Turquoise:Article

Reference

[1]Anagnostou, G., 1995. The influence of tunnel excavation on the hydraulic head. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 19(10):725-746.

[2]Anagnostou, G., 2008. The effect of tunnel advance rate on the surface settlement. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, p.579-586.

[3]Anagnostou, G., Kovári, K., 1996. Face stability conditions with earth pressure balanced shields. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 11(2):165-173.

[4]Attewell, P.B., Woodman, J.P., 1982. Predicting the dynamics of ground settlement and its derivatives caused by tunnelling in soil. Ground Engineering, 15(8):13-22.

[5]Attewell, P.B., Yeates, J., Selby, A.R., 1986. Soil Movements Induced by Tunnelling and Their Effects on Pipelines and Structures. Blackie & Son Ltd., Glasgow, UK.

[6]Chapman, D.N., Ahn, S.K., Hunt, D.V.L., 2007. Investigating ground movements caused by the construction of multiple tunnels in soft ground using laboratory model tests. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(6):631-643.

[7]Chen, S.L., Gui, M.W., Yang, M.C., 2012. Applicability of the principle of superposition in estimating ground surface settlement of twin- and quadruple-tube tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 28:135-149.

[8]Clough, G.W., Schmidt, B., 1981. Chapter 8-Design and performance of excavations and tunnels in soft clay. Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 20:567-634.

[9]de Farias, M.M., Junior, A.H.M., de Assis, A.P., 2004. Displacement control in tunnels excavated by the NATM: 3-D numerical simulations. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 19(3):283-293.

[10]Dias, D., Kastner, R., 2013. Movements caused by the excavation of tunnels using face pressurized shields–analysis of monitoring and numerical modelling results. Engineering Geology, 152(1):17-25.

[11]Do, N.A., Dias, D., Oreste, P., 2014. Three-dimensional numerical simulation of mechanized twin stacked tunnels in soft ground. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 15(11):896-913.

[12]Ercelebi, S.G., Copur, H., Ocak, I., 2011. Surface settlement predictions for Istanbul Metro tunnels excavated by EPB-TBM. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62(2):357-365.

[13]Fang, Q., Zhang, D.L., Wong, L.N.Y., 2011. Environmental risk management for a cross interchange subway station construction in China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 26(6):750-763.

[14]Fang, Q., Zhang, D.L., Wong, L.N.Y., 2012. Shallow tunnelling method (STM) for subway station construction in soft ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 29:10-30.

[15]Fang, Q., Tai, Q.M., Zhang, D.L., et al., 2016. Ground surface settlements due to construction of closely-spaced twin tunnels with different geometric arrangements. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51:144-151.

[16]Fillibeck, J., 2015. Tunnel-induced settlements–analysis of measurements and FE-calculations. Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2015–Promoting Tunnelling in South East European Region, p.142-143.

[17]Goodman, R.E., Moye, D.G., Schalkwyk, A.V., et al., 1965. Groundwater inflows during tunnel driving. Engineering Geology, 2(1):39-56.

[18]Hage Chehade, F., Shahrour, I., 2008. Numerical analysis of the interaction between twin-tunnels: influence of the relative position and construction procedure. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 23(2):210-214.

[19]Hefny, A.M., Chua, H.C., Zhao, J., 2004. Parametric studies on the interaction between existing and new bored tunnels. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 19(4-5):471.

[20]Hong, E.S., Shin, H.S., Kim, H.M., et al., 2007. Numerical study on horizontal pre-drainage system using horizontal directional drilling in subsea tunnelling. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 26(S2):3697-3703.

[21]Itasca Consulting Group, 2005. Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3 Dimensions. Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, USA.

[22]Li, X.B., Zhang, W., Li, D.Y., et al., 2008. Influence of underground water seepage flow on surrounding rock deformation of multi-arch tunnel. Journal of Central South University of Technology, 15(1):69-74.

[23]Liu, W., Albers, B., Zhao, Y., et al., 2016. Upper bound analysis for estimation of the influence of seepage on tunnel face stability in layered soils. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 17(11):886-902.

[24]Mair, R.J., 1996. Settlement effects of bored tunnels. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground, p.43-53.

[25]Maranini, E., Brignoli, M., 1999. Creep behaviour of a weak rock: experimental characterization. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36(1):127-138.

[26]MOR (Ministry of Railways of People’s Republic of China), 2005. Code for Design on Tunnel of Railway, TB 10003-2005. MOR, China (in Chinese).

[27]New, B.M., O’Reilly, M.P., 1991. Tunnelling induced ground movements: predicting their magnitude and effects. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ground Movements and Structures, p.671-697.

[28]O’Reilly, M.P., New, B.M., 1982. Settlements above tunnels in the United Kingdom–their magnitude and prediction. Proceedings of Tunnelling’ 82, p.173-181.

[29]Peck, R.B., 1969. Deep excavations and tunnelling in soft ground. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations, p.225-290.

[30]Qi, T.Y., Gao, B., Tan, D.M., 2010. Influence of metro tunneling in soft clay strata on underground pipeline. Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University, 45(1):45-53 (in Chinese).

[31]Rankin, W.J., 1988. Ground movements resulting from urban tunnelling: predictions and effects. Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications, 5(1):79-92.

[32]Shin, J.H., Addenbrooke, T.I., Potts, D.M., 2002. A numerical study of the effect of groundwater movement on long-term tunnel behaviour. Géotechnique, 52(6):391-403.

[33]Suwansawat, S., Einstein, H.H., 2007. Describing settlement troughs over twin tunnels using a superposition technique. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 133(4):445-468. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:4(445)

[34]Wang, M.S., 2010. Tunnelling and Underground Engineering Technology in China. China Communications Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).

[35]Wang, Z.C., Wong, R.C.K., Li, S.C., et al., 2012. Finite element analysis of long-term surface settlement above a shallow tunnel in soft ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 30:85-92.

[36]Xiang, Y.Y., He, S.H., Cui, Z.J., et al., 2005. A subsurface “drift and pile” protection scheme for the construction of a shallow metro tunnel. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 20(1):1-5.

[37]Xie, X.Y., Yang, Y.B., Mei, J., 2016. Analysis of ground surface settlement induced by the construction of a large-diameter shield-driven tunnel in Shanghai, China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51:120-132.

[38]Xu, P., Yang, T.Q., Zhou, H.M., 2004. Study of the creep characteristics and long-term stability of rock masses in the high slopes of the TGP ship lock, China. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41(S1):261-266.

[39]Yao, X.D., Wang, M.S., 2006. Statistic analysis of guideposts for ground settlement induced by shallow tunnel construction. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 25(10):2030-2035 (in Chinese).

[40]Yoo, C., 2005. Interaction between tunnelling and groundwater –numerical investigation using three dimensional stress-pore pressure coupled analysis. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131(2):240-250. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2005)131:2(240)

[41]Yoo, C., Lee, Y.J., Kim, S.H., et al., 2012. Tunnelling-induced ground settlements in a groundwater drawdown environment–a case history. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 29:69-77.

[42]Yue, G.X., He, P., Cai, W., 2007. Statistic analysis of stratum deformation during tunnel excavation. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 26(S2):3793-3803 (in Chinese).

[43]Zhang, C.P., Zhang, D.L., Wang, M.S., et al., 2008. Analysis of stratum deformation induced by overlapping tunnels construction in shallow depth. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 27(S1):3244-3250 (in Chinese).

[44]Zhang, D.L., Huang, J., 2005. Analysis and prediction of vault crown settlement in metro tunneling at shallow depth. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 24(10):1703-1707 (in Chinese).

[45]Zingg, S., Anagnostou, G., 2012. The effects of advance drainage on face stability in homogeneous ground. Proceedings of the ITA-AITES World Tunnel Congress 2012–Tunnelling and Underground Space for a Global Society.

[46]Zingg, S., Anagnostou, G., 2013. Effect of tunnel diameter on the efficiency of advance drainage with respect to face stability. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tunnelling and Underground Space Construction for Sustainable Development, p.277-280.

[47]Zingg, S., Anagnostou, G., 2016. An investigation into efficient drainage layouts for the stabilization of tunnel faces in homogeneous ground. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 58:49-73.

Open peer comments: Debate/Discuss/Question/Opinion

<1>

Please provide your name, email address and a comment





Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China
Tel: +86-571-87952783; E-mail: cjzhang@zju.edu.cn
Copyright © 2000 - 2024 Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE