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CLC number: TP18
On-line Access: 2026-01-08
Received: 2025-03-21
Revision Accepted: 2025-10-08
Crosschecked: 2026-01-08
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Multi-perspective consistency checking for large language model hallucination detection: a black-box zero-resource approach
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Linggang KONG, Xiaofeng ZHONG, Jie CHEN, Haoran FU, Yongjie WANG. Multi-perspective consistency checking for large language model hallucination detection: a black-box zero-resource approach[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2025, 26(11): 2298-2309.
@article{title="Multi-perspective consistency checking for large language model hallucination detection: a black-box zero-resource approach",
author="Linggang KONG, Xiaofeng ZHONG, Jie CHEN, Haoran FU, Yongjie WANG",
journal="Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering",
volume="26",
number="11",
pages="2298-2309",
year="2025",
publisher="Zhejiang University Press & Springer",
doi="10.1631/FITEE.2500180"
}
%0 Journal Article
%T Multi-perspective consistency checking for large language model hallucination detection: a black-box zero-resource approach
%A Linggang KONG
%A Xiaofeng ZHONG
%A Jie CHEN
%A Haoran FU
%A Yongjie WANG
%J Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering
%V 26
%N 11
%P 2298-2309
%@ 2095-9184
%D 2025
%I Zhejiang University Press & Springer
%DOI 10.1631/FITEE.2500180
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T1 - Multi-perspective consistency checking for large language model hallucination detection: a black-box zero-resource approach
A1 - Linggang KONG
A1 - Xiaofeng ZHONG
A1 - Jie CHEN
A1 - Haoran FU
A1 - Yongjie WANG
J0 - Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering
VL - 26
IS - 11
SP - 2298
EP - 2309
%@ 2095-9184
Y1 - 2025
PB - Zhejiang University Press & Springer
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DOI - 10.1631/FITEE.2500180
Abstract: large language models (LLMs) have been applied across various domains due to their superior natural language processing and generation capabilities. Nonetheless, LLMs occasionally generate content that contradicts real-world facts, known as hallucinations, posing significant challenges for real-world applications. To enhance the reliability of LLMs, it is imperative to detect hallucinations within LLM generations. Approaches that retrieve external knowledge or inspect the internal states of the model are frequently used to detect hallucinations; however, this requires either white-box access to the LLM or reliable expert knowledge resources, raising a high barrier for end-users. To address these challenges, we propose a black-box zero-resource approach for detecting LLM hallucinations, which primarily leverages multi-perspective consistency checking. The proposed approach mitigates the LLM overconfidence phenomenon by integrating multi-perspective consistency scores from both queries and responses. In comparison to the single-perspective detection approach, our proposed approach demonstrates superior performance in detecting hallucinations across multiple datasets and LLMs. Notably, in one experiment, where the hallucination rate reaches 94.7%, our approach improves the balanced accuracy (B-ACC) by 2.3 percentage points compared with the single consistency approach and achieves an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.832, all without depending on any external resources.
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