Abstract: Flow boiling heat transfer of nitrogen at high subcritical pressure conditions in a single vertical mini-channel with the diameter of 2.0 mm was experimentally investigated. The tested mass flux varied from 530 to 830 kg/(m²·s), the inlet pressure ranged from 630 to 1080 kPa, and the heat flux ranged from 0 to 223.2 kW/m². Effects of the mass flux and the inlet pressure on the nitrogen boiling curve were examined. Results showed that within the limited test conditions, the merging of three boiling curves indicates the dominance of nucleate boiling and the inlet pressure has a positive enhancement on heat transfer performance. Three heat transfer trends were identified with increasing heat flux. At low heat fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient increases first and then decreases with vapour quality. At intermediate heat fluxes, the heat transfer coefficient versus the vapour quality presents an inverted “U” shape. At high heat fluxes, a double valley shape was observed and the partial dry-out in intermittent flow and annular flow helps to interpret the phenomenon. The increasing inlet pressure increases the heat transfer coefficient over a wide range of vapour quality until the partial dry-out inception. The lower surface tension and lower latent heat of evaporation enhance the nucleate boiling for higher inlet pressure. A modified experimental correlation (mean absolute error (MAE)=19.3%) was proposed on the basis of the Tran correlation considering both the nucleate boiling and the partial dry-out heat transfer mechanism.

单个微小通道中液氮流动沸腾换热实验研究

[1]Agostini B, Thome JR, Fabbri M, et al., 2008. High heat flux flow boiling in silicon multi-microchannels–part I: heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant R236fa. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51(21-22):5400-5414.

[2]Balasubramanian K, Lee PS, Jin LW, et al., 2011. Experimental investigations of flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop in straight and expanding microchannels–a comparative study. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 50(12):2413-2421.

[3]Bao ZY, Fletcher DF, Haynes BS, 2000. Flow boiling heat transfer of Freon R11 and HCFC123 in narrow passages. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 43(18):3347-3358.

[4]Bertsch SS, Groll EA, Garimella SV, 2008. Refrigerant flow boiling heat transfer in parallel microchannels as a function of local vapor quality. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51(19-20):4775-4787.

[5]Butterworth D, Hewitt GF, 1977. Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer. Oxford University Press, UK.

[6]Charnay R, Revellin R, Bonjour J, 2014. Flow boiling characteristics of R-245fa in a minichannel at medium saturation temperatures. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 59:184-194.

[7]Charnay R, Revellin R, Bonjour J, 2015. Flow boiling heat transfer in minichannels at high saturation temperatures: Part I–experimental investigation and analysis of the heat transfer mechanisms. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 87:636-652.

[8]Chen JC, 1963. A correlation for boiling heat transfer to saturated fluids in convective flow. Heat Transfer Conference, p.11-14.

[9]Chen ST, Chen XY, Luo GQ, et al., 2018. Flow boiling instability of liquid nitrogen in horizontal mini channels. Applied Thermal Engineering, 144:812-824.

[10]Chen ST, Chen XY, Chen L, et al., 2019. Experimental study on the heat transfer characteristics of saturated liquid nitrogen flow boiling in small-diameter horizontal tubes. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 101:27-36.

[11]Cheng LX, Xia GD, 2017. Fundamental issues, mechanisms and models of flow boiling heat transfer in microscale channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 108:97-127.

[12]Clark JA, 1969. Cryogenic heat transfer. Advances in Heat Transfer, 5:325-517.

[13]Dupont V, Thome JR, Jacobi AM, 2004. Heat transfer model for evaporation in microchannels. Part II: comparison with the database. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 47(14-16):3387-3401.

[14]Fang XD, 2013. A new correlation of flow boiling heat transfer coefficients based on R134a data. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 66:279-283.

[15]Fang XD, Sudarchikov AM, Chen YF, et al., 2016. Experimental investigation of saturated flow boiling heat transfer of nitrogen in a macro-tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 99:681-690.

[16]Fang XD, Zhuang FT, Chen C, et al., 2019. Saturated flow boiling heat transfer: review and assessment of prediction methods. Heat and Mass Transfer, 55(1):197-222.

[17]Fu X, Qi SL, Zhang P, et al., 2008. Visualization of flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in a vertical mini-tube. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 34(4):333-351.

[18]Fu X, Zhang P, Huang CJ, et al., 2010. Bubble growth, departure and the following flow pattern evolution during flow boiling in a mini-tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(21-22):4819-4831.

[19]Harirchian T, Garimella SV, 2008. Microchannel size effects on local flow boiling heat transfer to a dielectric fluid. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 51(15-16):3724-3735.

[20]Hartwig J, Hu H, Styborski J, et al., 2015. Comparison of cryogenic flow boiling in liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen chilldown experiments. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 88:662-673.

[21]Hartwig J, Darr S, Asencio A, 2016. Assessment of existing two phase heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux correlations for cryogenic flow boiling in pipe quenching experiments. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 93:441-463.

[22]Huang Q, Jia L, Dang C, et al., 2018. Experimental study on flow boiling of deionized water in a horizontal long small channel. Journal of Thermal Science, 27(2):157-166.

[23]Huo X, Chen L, Tian YS, et al., 2004. Flow boiling and flow regimes in small diameter tubes. Applied Thermal Engineering, 24(8-9):1225-1239.

[24]Hurlbert EA, Whitley R, Klem MD, et al., 2016. International space exploration coordination group assessment of technology gaps for LO_x/methane propulsion systems for the global exploration roadmap. AIAA SPACE Forum.

[25]Huzel DK, Huang DH, 1992. Modern Engineering for Design of Liquid-propellant Rocket Engines. AIAA, Washington DC, USA.

[26]Karayiannis TG, Mahmoud MM, 2017. Flow boiling in microchannels: fundamentals and applications. Applied Thermal Engineering, 115:1372-1397.

[27]Kim SM, Mudawar I, 2013. Universal approach to predicting saturated flow boiling heat transfer in mini/micro-channels–part II. Two-phase heat transfer coefficient. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 64: 1239-1256.

[28]Kim SM, Mudawar I, 2014. Review of databases and predictive methods for heat transfer in condensing and boiling mini/micro-channel flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 77:627-652.

[29]Klem MD, Smith T, Wadel M, et al., 2011. Liquid oxygen/ liquid methane propulsion and cryogenic advanced development. Proceedings of the 62nd International Aeronautical Congress.

[30]Klimenko VV, 1982. Heat transfer intensity at forced flow boiling of cryogenic liquids in tubes. Cryogenics, 22(11):569-576.

[31]Klimenko VV, Sudarchikov AM, 1983. Investigation of forced flow boiling of nitrogen in a long vertical tube. Cryogenics, 23(3):379-385.

[32]Laverty WF, Rohsenow WM, 1964. Film Boiling of Saturated Liquid Flowing Upward Through a Heated Tube: High Vapor Quality Range. MIT, Cambridge, USA.

[33]Lee S, Devahdhanush VS, Mudawar I, 2018. Investigation of subcooled and saturated boiling heat transfer mechanisms, instabilities, and transient flow regime maps for large length-to-diameter ratio micro-channel heat sinks. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 123: 172-191.

[34]Li W, Li JY, Feng ZZ, et al., 2017. Local heat transfer in subcooled flow boiling in a vertical mini-gap channel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 110: 796-804.

[35]Liu JY, Liu JP, Li RX, et al., 2018. Experimental study on flow boiling characteristics in a high aspect ratio vertical rectangular mini-channel under low heat and mass flux. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 98:146-157.

[36]Liu XF, Chen XY, Zhang QY, et al., 2017. Investigation on CHF of saturated liquid nitrogen flow boiling in a horizontal small channel. Applied Thermal Engineering, 125: 1025-1036.

[37]Mercado M, Wong N, Hartwig J, 2019. Assessment of two-phase heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux correlations for cryogenic flow boiling in pipe heating experiments. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 133:295-315.

[38]Qi SL, 2007. Flow and Heat Transfer of Liquid Nitrogen in Micro-tubes. PhD Thesis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (in Chinese).

[39]Qi SL, Zhang P, Wang RZ, et al., 2007a. Flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in micro-tubes: Part I–the onset of nucleate boiling, two-phase flow instability and two-phase flow pressure drop. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50(25-26):4999-5016.

[40]Qi SL, Zhang P, Wang RZ, et al., 2007b. Flow boiling of liquid nitrogen in micro-tubes: Part II–heat transfer characteristics and critical heat flux. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 50(25-26):5017-5030.

[41]Qu WL, Mudawar I, 2003. Flow boiling heat transfer in two-phase micro-channel heat sinks–I. Experimental investigation and assessment of correlation methods. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46(15):2755-2771.

[42]Ribatski G, Wojtan L, Thome JR, 2006. An analysis of experimental data and prediction methods for two-phase frictional pressure drop and flow boiling heat transfer in micro-scale channels. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 31(1):1-19.

[43]Sandler S, Zajaczkowski B, Krolicki Z, 2018. Review on flow boiling of refrigerants R236fa and R245fa in mini and micro channels. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 126:591-617.

[44]Sempértegui-Tapia DF, Ribatski G, 2017. Flow boiling heat transfer of R134a and low GWP refrigerants in a horizontal micro-scale channel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 108:2417-2432.

[45]Shah MM, 1976. A new correlation for heat transfer during boiling flow through pipes. ASHRAE Transactions, 82: 66-86.

[46]Shahmardan MM, Norouzi M, Kayhani MH, et al., 2012. An exact analytical solution for convective heat transfer in rectangular ducts. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A (Applied Physics & Engineering), 13(10):768-781.

[47]Steiner D, 1986. Heat transfer during flow boiling of cryogenic fluids in vertical and horizontal tubes. Cryogenics, 26(5):309-318.

[48]Steiner D, Schlünder EU, 1976. Heat transfer and pressure drop for boiling nitrogen flowing in a horizontal tube: 1. Saturated flow boiling. Cryogenics, 16(7):387-398.

[49]Sutton GP, 2005. History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines. AIAA, Reston, USA.

[50]Taylor JR, 1997. An Introduction to Error Analysis, 2nd Edition. University Science Books, Mill Valley, USA.

[51]Thome JR, Consolini L, 2010. Mechanisms of boiling in micro-channels: critical assessment. Heat Transfer Engineering, 31(4):288-297.

[52]Tibiriçá CB, Ribatski G, 2010. Flow boiling heat transfer of R134a and R245fa in a 2.3 mm tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 53(11-12):2459-2468.

[53]Tran TN, Wambsganss MW, France DM, 1996. Small circular- and rectangular-channel boiling with two refrigerants. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 22(3):485-498.

[54]Umekawa H, Ozawa M, Yano T, 2002. Boiling two-phase heat transfer of LN₂ downward flow in pipe. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 26(6-7):627-633.

[55]Wang H, Fang XD, 2014. Review of correlations of flow boiling heat transfer coefficients for nitrogen. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting.

[56]Wang Y, Sefiane K, 2012. Effects of heat flux, vapour quality, channel hydraulic diameter on flow boiling heat transfer in variable aspect ratio micro-channels using transparent heating. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 55(9-10):2235-2243.

[57]Yang CY, Nalbandian H, Lin FC, 2018. Flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop of refrigerants HFO-1234yf and HFC-134a in small circular tube. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 121:726-735.

[58]Yu ZJ, 2012. Study on Flow Friction and Characteristics of Heat Transfer of Liquid Nitrogen Boiling Two-phase in Vertical Circular Tube. MS Thesis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (in Chinese).

[59]Zhang P, Fu X, 2009. Two-phase flow characteristics of liquid nitrogen in vertically upward 0.5 and 1.0 mm micro-tubes: visualization studies. Cryogenics, 49(10):565-575.

[60]Zhang QY, Chen J, Li JP, et al., 2017. Experimental study on saturated flow boiling heat transfer of nitrogen in a small-diameter horizontal heated tube. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 86:257-271.