Abstract: Bakanae is an emerging rice disease caused by the seed- and soil-borne pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi. It is becoming a more serious threat to sustainable rice production throughout rice-growing regions. Bakanae disease infection is responsible for high yield losses ranging from 3% to 95%, and disease incidence varies based on the region and cultivars. Hence, understanding the nature of the pathogen, its pathogenicity, disease epidemiology, symptoms, host‍–‍pathogen interaction, and the role of secondary metabolites in the disease cycle will be helpful in the development of effective and sustainable management strategies. However, very few comprehensive studies have described the details of rice bakanae disease. Thus, in this review we summarize and discuss in detail the information available from 1898 to 2023 on various critical facets of bakanae disease, and provide perspectives on future research.

水稻恶苗病及其防治策略之洞察

[1]AdeleyeA, IkotunT, 1989. Antifungal activity of dihydrodioscorine extracted from a wild variety of Dioscorea bulbifera L. J Basic Microbiol, 29(5):265-267.

[2]AhangarAM, BhatZA, NajeebS, et al., 2014. Bakanae disease: a new threat to rice production under temperate ecology of Kashmir. J Agric Life Sci, 1(2):45-47.

[3]AktasH, TunaliB, 1986. Determination of the reactions of promising rice cultivars and lines to Pyricularia oryzae Bri. & Cav., Drechslera oryzae Subram. & Jain and Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. in Turkey. Bitki Koruma Bull, 26(1-2):41-58.

[4]BashyalBM, 2018. Etiology of an emerging disease: bakanae of rice. Ind Phytopathol, 71(4):485-494.

[5]BashyalBM, AggarwalR, 2013. Molecular identification of Fusarium spp. associated with bakanae disease of rice in India. Indian J Agric Sci, 83(1):72-77.

[6]BashyalBM, AggarwalR, BanerjeeS, et al., 2014. Pathogenicity, ecology and genetic diversity of the Fusarium spp. associated with an emerging bakanae disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in India. In: Kharwar RN, Upadhyay RS, Dubey NK, et al. (Eds.), Microbial Diversity and Biotechnology in Food Security. Springer, New Delhi, p.307-314.

[7]BashyalBM, AggarwalR, SharmaS, et al., 2016. Single and combined effects of three Fusarium species associated with rice seeds on the severity of bakanae disease of rice. J Plant Pathol, 98(2):405-412.

[8]BashyalBM, RawatK, SharmaS, et al., 2017. Whole genome sequencing of Fusarium fujikuroi provides insight into the role of secretory proteins and cell wall degrading enzymes in causing bakanae disease of rice. Front Plant Sci, 8:2013.

[9]BashyalBM, AggarwalR, RawatK, et al., 2020. Genetic diversity and population structure of Fusarium fujikuroi causing Bakanae, an emerging disease of rice in India. Indian J Exp Biol, 58(1):45-52.

[10]BashyalBM, GuptaAK, ParmarP, et al., 2022. Management of bakanae disease using fungicides and their effect on disease symptomatology. Indian J Agric Sci, 92(9):56-61.

[11]BhramarambaS, NagamaniA, 2013. Antagonistic Trichoderma isolates to control bakanae pathogen of rice. Agric Sci Digest, 33(2):104-108.

[12]ChenCY, ChenSY, LiuCW, et al., 2020. Invasion and colonization pattern of Fusarium fujikuroi in Rice. Phytopathology, 110(12):1934-1945.

[13]ChenSY, LaiMH, TungCW, et al., 2019. Genome-wide association mapping of gene loci affecting disease resistance in the rice-Fusarium fujikuroi pathosystem. Rice, 12:85.

[14]ChenTT, WuX, DaiYY, et al., 2022. Sensitivity testing of natural antifungal agents on Fusarium fujikuroi to investigate the potential for sustainable control of kiwifruit leaf spot disease. J Fungi, 8(3):239.

[15]ChenZH, GaoT, LiangSP, et al., 2014. Molecular mechanism of resistance of Fusarium fujikuroi to benzimidazole fungicides. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 357(1):77-84.

[16]CheonKS, JeongYM, LeeYU, et al., 2019. Kompetitive allele-specific PCR marker development and quantitative trait locus mapping for bakanae disease resistance in Korean japonica rice varieties. Plant Breed Biotech, 7:208-219.

[17]ChiaraM, FanelliF, MulèG, 2015. Genome sequencing of multiple isolates highlights subtelomeric genomic diversity within Fusarium fujikuroi. Genome Biol Evol, 7(11):3062-3069.

[18]ChildsN, LeBeauB, 2023. USDA (The United States Department of Agriculture), Rice Outlook: August 2023. https://www.‍ers.‍usda.‍gov/publications/pub-details/?‍pubid=107163

[19]ChincinskaIA, MiklaszewskaM, Sołtys-KalinaD, 2023. Recent advances and challenges in potato improvement using CRISPR/Cas genome editing. Planta, 257:25.

[20]ChungEJ, HossainMT, KhanA, et al., 2015. Bacillus oryzicola sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium isolated from the roots of rice with antimicrobial, plant growth promoting, and systemic resistance inducing activities in rice. Plant Pathol J, 31(2):152-164.

[21]CurtisPJ, CrossBE, 1954. Gibberellic acid. A new metabolite from the culture filtrates of Gibberella fujikuroi. Chem Ind, 35:1066.

[22]DehkaeiFP, JajaeiSHM, RouhaniJH, 2004. Effects of paddy soil antagonistic microorganisms of Guilan on the causal agent of rice bakanae disease. J Sci Technol Agric Nat Resources, 8(1):213-222.

[23]DesjardinsAE, ManandharHK, PlattnerRD, et al., 2000. Fusarium species from Nepalese rice and production of mycotoxins and gibberellic acid by selected species. Appl Environ Microbiol, 66(3):1020-1025.

[24]FangJF, ZengDF, XuT, 2023. Preparation of an environmentally friendly rice seed coating agent and study of its mechanism of action in seedlings. Sustainability, 15(1):869.

[25]FiyazRA, YadavAK, KrishnanSG, et al., 2016. Mapping quantitative trait loci responsible for resistance to Bakanae disease in rice. Rice, 9:45.

[26]GangopadhyayS, KapoorKS, 1977. Control of Fusarium wilt of okra with seed treatment. Indian J Mycol Plant Pathol, 7(2):147-149.

[27]GaoXH, XiaoSL, YaoQF, et al., 2011. An updated GA signaling ‘relief of repression’ regulatory model. Mol Plant, 4(4):601-606.

[28]GhazanfarMU, JavedN, WakilW, et al., 2013. Screening of some fine and coarse rice varieties against bakanae disease. J Agric Res, 51(1):41-49.

[29]GuptaA, KumarR, MaheshwarVK, 2015. Integration of seed treatments, seedling dip treatments and soil amendments for the management of bakanae disease in paddy variety Pusa Basmati 1121. Plant Pathol J, 14(4):‍207-211.

[30]GuptaAK, SolankiIS, BashyalBM, et al., 2015. Bakanae of rice-an emerging disease in Asia. J Anim Plant Sci, 25(6):1499-1514.

[31]HajipourA, SohaniMM, BabaeizadV, et al., 2015. The symbiotic effect of Piriformospora indica on induced resistance against bakanae disease in rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Plant Mol Breed, 3(2):11-19.

[32]WNAWAHalim, RazakAA, AliJ, et al., 2015. Susceptibility of Malaysian rice varieties to Fusarium fujikuroi and in vitro activity of Trichoderma harzianum as biocontrol agent. Malaysian J Microbiol, 11(1):20-26.

[33]HartsuckJA, LipscombWN, 1963. Molecular and crystal structure of the di-p-bromobenzoate of the methyl ester of gibberellic acid. J Am Chem Soc, 85(21):3414-3419.

[34]HoriS, 1898. Some observations on “Bakanae” disease of the rice plant. Mem Agric Res Sta (Tokyo), 12:110-119.

[35]HossainKS, MiaMAT, BasharMA, 2013. New method for screening rice varieties against bakanae disease. Bangladesh J Bot, 42(2):315-320.

[36]HossainMT, KhanA, ChungEJ, et al., 2016. Biological control of rice bakanae by an endophytic Bacillus oryzicola YC7007. Plant Pathol J, 32(3):228-241.

[37]HurYJ, LeeSB, KimTH, et al., 2015. Mapping of qBK1, a major QTL for bakanae disease resistance in rice. Mol Breed, 35(2):78.

[38]IlijaKK, MitrwSK, KostadinED, 2009. Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenweber, the new parasitical fungus on rice in the Republic of Macedonia. Prot Nat Sci, (116):175-182.

[39]IlyasMB, IftikharK, 1997. Screening of rice germplasm and fungi toxicants against bakanae disease of rice. Pak J Phytopathol, 9(1):67-73.

[40]IqbalM, JavedN, SahiST, et al., 2011. Genetic management of bakanae disease of rice and evaluation of various fungicides against/Fusarium moniliforme in vitro. Pak J Phytopathol, 23:103-107.

[41]ItoS, KimuraJ, 1931. Studies on the bakanae disease of the rice plant. Rep Hokkaido Natl Agric Exp Stn, 27:1-95.

[42]JainJ, SidhuN, LoreJS, et al., 2016. Evaluation of aromatic rice genotypes for resistance against foot rot disease. Plant Dis Res, 31(2):150-153.

[43]JanevskaS, TudzynskiB, 2018. Secondary metabolism in Fusarium fujikuroi: strategies to unravel the function of biosynthetic pathways. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 102(2):615-630.

[44]JeongH, LeeS, ChoiGJ, et al., 2013. Draft genome sequence of Fusarium fujikuroi B14, the causal agent of the bakanae disease of rice. Genome Announc, 1(1):e00035-13.

[45]JiH, KimTH, LeeDS, et al., 2018. Mapping of a major quantitative trait locus for bakanae disease resistance in rice by genome resequencing. Mol Genet Genomics, 293(3):579-586.

[46]JiangHP, KanLB, DingLL, et al., 1999. Seed dressing with Chitosan S-II can control bakanae disease of rice. China Rice, 5:29.

[47]JingLF, SugaH, 2021. Various methods for controlling the bakanae disease in rice. Rev Agric Sci, 9:195-205.

[48]KangDU, CheonKS, OhJ, et al., 2019. Rice genome resequencing reveals a major quantitative trait locus for resistance to bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Int J Mol Sci, 20(10):2598.

[49]KangYS, KimWJ, KimYJ, et al., 2016. Bakanae disease reduction effect by use of silicate coated seed in wet direct-seeded rice. Korean J Crop Sci, 61(1):9-16.

[50]KanjanasoonP, 1965. Studies on the Bakanae Disease of Rice in Thailand. PhD Dissemination, Tokyo University, Tokyo, Japan.

[51]KatoA, MiyakeT, NishigataK, et al., 2012. Use of fluorescent proteins to visualize interactions between the Bakanae disease pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi and the biocontrol agent Talaromyces sp. KNB-422. J Gen Plant Pathol, 78(1):54-61.

[52]KatochP, KatochA, PaudelM, et al., 2019. Bakanae of rice: a serious disease in Punjab. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci, 8(5):129-136.

[53]KazempourMN, ElahiniaSA, 2007. Biological control of Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of bakanae disease by rice associated antagonistic bacteria. Bulg J Agri Sci, 13:393-408.

[54]KazempourMN, AnvaryM, 2009. Isolation of Fusarium fujikuroi antagonistic bacteria and cloning of its phenazine carboxylic acid genes. Afr J Biotechnol, 8(23):6506-6510.

[55]KazempourMN, TabatabaeiSM, HassanzadehN, 2007. Genetic diversity of antagonistic bacteria against sheath blight and bakanae rice disease by RAPD. Int J Biol Biotechnol, 4(4):329-333.

[56]KimD, JeongS, KimB, et al., 2023. Automated detection of rice bakanae disease via drone imagery. Sensors, 23(1):32.

[57]KimMH, HurYJ, LeeSB, et al., 2014. Large-scale screening of rice accessions to evaluate resistance to bakanae disease. J Gen Plant Pathol, 80(5):408-414.

[58]KimSW, ParkJK, LeeCH, et al., 2016. Comparison of the antimicrobial properties of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) and EDTA against Fusarium fujikuroi causing rice bakanae disease. Curr Microbiol, 72(4):496-502.

[59]KuhlmanEG, 1982. Varieties of Gibberella fujikuroi with anamorphs in Fusarium section Liseola. Mycologia, 74(5):759-768.

[60]KumakuraK, WatanabeS, ToyoshimaJ, 2003. Effect of Trichoderma sp. SKT-1 on suppression of six different seedborne diseases of rice. Jpn J Phytopathol, 69(4):‍‍393-402.

[61]KumarMN, LahaGS, ReddyCS, 2007. Role of antagonistic bacteria in suppression of bakanae disease of rice caused by Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. J Biol Control, 21(1):97-104.

[62]KumarP, SunderS, SinghR, et al., 2016. Management of foot rot and bakanae of rice through non-chemical methods. Indian Phytopathol, 69(1):16-20.

[63]KurosawaE, 1926. Experimental studies on the nature of the substance excreted by the ‘bakanae’ fungus. Trans Nat Hist Soc Formos, 16:213-227.

[64]KusakariS, AchiwaN, AbeK, 2004. Control of bakanae disease by soaking seed in heated electrolyzed acid water (EAW) under field conditions. J Antibact Antifungal Agents, 32(12):581-585.

[65]KwonSW, KimNE, JinSH, et al., 2021. Evaluation of the rsistant to bakanae disease in Korean rice landraces (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Breed Biotech, 9(4):355-359.

[66]LeeSB, HurYJ, ChoJH, et al., 2018. Molecular mapping of qBK1^WD, a major QTL for bakanae disease resistance in rice. Rice, 11:3.

[67]LeeSB, KimN, HurYJ, et al., 2019. Fine mapping of qBK1, a major QTL for bakanae disease resistance in rice. Rice, 12:36.

[68]LeeSB, KimN, JoS, et al., 2021. Mapping of a major QTL, qBK1^Z, for bakanae disease resistance in rice. Plants, 10(3):434.

[69]LeeYH, LeeMJ, ChoiHW, et al., 2011. Development of in vitro seedling screening method for selection of resistant rice against bakanae disease. Res Plant Dis, 17(3):288-294.

[70]LiB, XieGL, LüYL, et al., 2006. Community composition of Gram-positive bacteria associated with rice and their antagonists against the pathogens of sheath blight and bakanae disease of rice. Chin J Rice Sci, 20(1):‍84-88 (in Chinese).

[71]LiC, BrantE, BudakH, et al., 2021. CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol), 22(4):253-284.

[72]LiFJ, EbiharaA, SakaharaY, et al., 2023. Synergistic effect of amino acid substitutions in CYP51B for prochloraz resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 189:105291.

[73]LiMX, LiT, DuanYB, et al., 2018. Evaluation of phenamacril and ipconazole for control of rice bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Plant Dis, 102(7):‍1234-1239.

[74]LimaCS, PfenningLH, CostaSS, et al., 2012. Fusarium tupiense sp. nov., a member of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex that causes mango malformation in Brazil. Mycologia, 104(6):1408-1419.

[75]LoneZA, BhatZA, NajeebS, et al., 2016. Screening of rice genotypes against bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg. Oryza, 53(1):91-97.

[76]MaJ, ChenJ, WangM, et al., 2018. Disruption of OsSEC3A increases the content of salicylic acid and induces plant defense responses in rice. J Exp Bot, 69(5):1051-1064.

[77]MalonekS, BömkeC, Bornberg-BauerE, 2005. Distribution of gibberellin biosynthetic genes and gibberellin production in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. Phytochemistry, 66(11):1296-1311.

[78]ManandharJ, 1999. Fusarium moniliforme in rice seeds: its infection, isolation, and longevity. J Plant Dis Prot, 106(6):598-607.

[79]ManandharT, YamiKD, 2008. Biological control of foot rot disease of rice using fermented products of compost and vermicompost. Sci World, 6(6):52-57.

[80]ManciniV, RomanazziG, 2014. Seed treatments to control seedborne fungal pathogens of vegetable crops. Pest Manag Sci, 70(6):860-868.

[81]MandalDN, ChaudhuriS, 1988. Survivality of Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. under different moisture regimes and soil conditions. Int J Trop Plant Dis, 6:201-206.

[82]MatićS, SpadaroD, GaribaldiA, et al., 2014. Antagonistic yeasts and thermotherapy as seed treatments to control Fusarium fujikuroi on rice. Biol Cont, 73:59-67.

[83]MaticS, GullinoML, SpadaroD, 2017. The puzzle of bakanae disease through interactions between Fusarium fujikuroi and rice. Front Biosci (Elite Ed), 9(2):333-344.

[84]MendeK, HomannV, TudzynskiB, 1997. The geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene of Gibberella fujikuroi: isolation and expression. Mol Gen Genet, 255(1):96-105.

[85]MishraD, SamuelCO, TripathiSC, 2003. Evaluation of some essential oils against seed-borne pathogens of rice. Ind Phytopath, 56:212-213.

[86]MiyasakaA, SonodaR, IwanoM, 2000. Control of the bakanae disease of rice by soaking seeds in hot water for the hydroponically raised seedling method in the long-mat type rice cultivation. Annu Rep Kanto-Tosan Plant Prot Soc, 2000(47):31-33.

[87]MohanaDC, PrasadP, VijaykumarV, et al., 2011. Plant extract effect on seed-borne pathogenic fungi from seeds of paddy grown in Southern India. J Plant Prot Res, 51(2):‍101-106.

[88]MorettiA, MulèG, SuscaA, et al., 2004. Toxin profile, fertility and AFLP analysis of Fusarium verticillioides from banana fruits. Eur J Plant Pathol, 110(5):601-609.

[89]NgLC, NgadinA, AzhariM, et al., 2015. Potential of Trichoderma spp. as biological control agents against bakanae pathogen (Fusarium fujikuroi) in rice. Asian J Plant Pathol, 9(2):46-58.

[90]NiehausEM, KimKH, MünsterkötterM, et al., 2017. Comparative genomics of geographically distant Fusarium fujikuroi isolates revealed two distinct pathotypes correlating with secondary metabolite profiles. PLoS Pathog, 13(10):e1006670.

[91]NirenbergH, 1976. Untersuchungen über die morphologische und biologische Differenzierung in der Fusarium-Sektion Liseola. Kommissionsverlag Paul Parey, Berlin, Germany, p.1-117 (in German).

[92]OchiA, KonishiH, AndoS, et al., 2017. Management of bakanae and bacterial seedling blight diseases in nurseries by irradiating rice seeds with atmospheric plasma. Plant Pathol, 66(1):67-76.

[93]OhTS, ParkYJ, KimSM, et al., 2016. Seed disinfectant effect of Pleurotus ostreatus (Heuktari) extract on Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg. Korean J Org Agric, 24(1):61-71.

[94]OhTS, ParkYJ, KimCH, et al., 2017. Effect of seed disinfection on bakanae disease in Ginkgo biloba outer seed coat extract. Emir J Food Agric, 28(9):671-675.

[95]PalS, KhilariK, JainSK, et al., 2019. Management of bakanae disease of rice through combination of Trichoderma spp. and fungicides. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci, 8(11):494-501.

[96]PanneerselvamA, SaravanamuthuR, 1996. Studies on the saprophytic survival of Fusarium moniliforme J. Sheld in soil under treatment of oil cakes. Indian J Agric Res, 30(1):12-16.

[97]PannuPPS, KaurJ, SinghG, et al., 2012. Survival of Fusarium moniliforme causing foot rot of rice and its virulence on different genotypes of rice and basmati rice. Indian Phytopathol, 65:149-209.

[98]PattanaikS, PatraB, SinghSK, et al., 2014. An overview of the gene regulatory network controlling trichome development in the model plant, Arabidopsis. Front Plant Sci, 5:259.

[99]PawarBT, 2011. Antifungal activity of some leaf extracts against seed-borne pathogenic fungi. Int Multidiscipl Res J, 1/4:11-13.

[100]PengQ, YounasMW, YangJK, et al., 2022. Characterization of prochloraz resistance in Fusarium fujikuroi from Heilongjiang Province in China. Plant Dis, 106(2):418-424.

[101]PetrovicT, BurgessLW, CowieI, et al., 2013. Diversity and fertility of Fusarium sacchari from wild rice (Oryza australiensis) in Northern Australia, and pathogenicity tests with wild rice, rice, sorghum and maize. Eur J Plant Pathol, 136(4):773-788.

[102]PiomboE, RosatiM, SannaM, et al., 2021. Sequencing of non-virulent strains of Fusarium fujikuroi reveals genes putatively involved in bakanae disease of rice. Fungal Genet Biol, 156:103622.

[103]ProctorRH, DesjardinsAE, MorettiA, 2010. Biological and chemical complexity of Fusarium proliferatum. In: Strange RN, Gullino ML (Eds.), The Role of Plant Pathology in Food Safety and Food Security. Springer, Dordrecht, p.97-111.

[104]PtaszekM, CanforaL, PuglieseM, et al., 2023. Microbial-based products to control soil-borne pathogens: methods to improve efficacy and to assess impacts on microbiome. Microorganisms, 11(1):224.

[105]PuyamA, PannuPPS, SethiS, et al., 2017. Evaluation of resistance sources against foot rot and bakanae disease of basmati rice. Agric Res J, 54(4):594-596.

[106]PuyamA, PannuPPS, KaurJ, et al., 2019. Understanding bakanae: a major threat and an emerging disease of basmati rice. Indian Phytopathol, 72(4):599-605.

[107]QuXP, LiJS, WangJX, et al., 2018. Effects of the dinitroaniline fungicide fluazinam on Fusarium fujikuroi and rice. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 152:98-105.

[108]RadwanO, GunasekeraTS, RuizON, 2018. Draft genome sequence of Fusarium fujikuroi, a fungus adapted to the fuel environment. Genome Announc, 6(3):e01499-17.

[109]RaghuS, YadavMK, PrabhukarthikeyanSR, et al., 2018. Occurance, pathogenicity, characterization of Fusarium fujikuroi causing rice bakanae disease from Odisha and in vitro management. Oryza, 55(1):214-223.

[110]RameshNK, NaeimiS, RezaeeS, et al., 2020. Biological control of rice bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi using some endophytic fungi. J Appl Entomol Phytopathol, 87(2):281-296.

[111]RawatK, TripathiSB, KaushikN, et al., 2022. Management of bakanae disease of rice using biocontrol agents and insights into their biocontrol mechanisms. Arch Microbiol, 204(7):401.

[112]RosalesAM, NuqueFL, MewTW, 1986. Biological control of bakanae diseases of rice with antagonistic bacteria. Phil Phytopathol, 22:29-35.

[113]RosalesAM, MewTW, 1997. Suppression of Fusarium moniliforme in rice by rice-associated antagonistic bacteria. Plant Dis, 81(1):49-52.

[114]SaitoH, SasakiM, NonakaY, et al., 2021. Spray application of nonpathogenic Fusaria onto rice flowers controls bakanae disease (caused by Fusarium fujikuroi) in the next plant generation. Appl Environ Microbiol, 87(2):e01959-20.

[115]SarwarA, HassanNM, ImranM, 2018. Biocontrol activity of surfactin A purified from Bacillus NH-100 and NH-217 against rice bakanae disease. Microbiol Res, 209:1-13.

[116]SawadaK, 1912. Diseases of agricultural products in Japan. Form Agric Rev, 63:10-16.

[117]SawadaK, 1917. Beitrage über formosas-pilze No. 14. Trans Nat Hist Soc Formosa, 31:31-133 (in German).

[118]ShahPR, VaranavasiappanS, KokiladeviE, et al., 2019. Gen‑ome editing of rice PFT1 gene to study its role in rice sheath blight disease resistance. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci, 8(6):2356-2364.

[119]SinghR, SunderS, 1997. Foot rot and bakanae of rice: retrospects and prospects. Intl J Trop Plant Dis, 15:153-176.

[120]SinghR, SunderS, 2012. Foot rot and bakanae of rice: an overview. Rev Plant Pathol, 5:566-604.

[121]SinghR, KumarP, LahaGS, 2019. Present status of bakanae of rice caused by Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg. Indian Phytopathol, 72(4):587-597.

[122]SunderS, 1998. Vegetative compatibility, biosynthesis of GA₃ and virulence of Fusarium moniliforme isolates from bakanae disease of rice. Plant Pathol, 47(6):767-772.

[123]SunSK, SnyderWC, 1981. The bakanae disease of the rice plant. In: Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Cook RJ (Eds.), Fusarium: Diseases, Biology and Taxonomy. The Pennsylvania University Press, University Park, p.104-113.

[124]TadasanahallerPS, BashyalBM, YadavJ, et al., 2023. Identification and characterization of Fusarium fujikuroi pathotypes responsible for an emerging bakanae disease of rice in India. Plants, 12(6):1303.

[125]TakahashiN, KitamuraH, KawaradaA, et al., 1955. Biochemical studies on “bakanae” fungus: part XXXIV. Isolation of gibberellins and their properties. Part XXXV. Relation between gibberellins, A₁, A2 and gibberellic acid. Bull Agric Chem Soc Japan, 19(4):267-281.

[126]TakeuchiS, 1972. Climatic effect on seed infection of rice plant with bakanae disease and disinfection with organic mercury compounds. Annu Rep Kansai Plant Prot Soc, 14:14-19 (in Japanese).

[127]TávoraFTPK, MeunierAC, VernetA, et al., 2022. CRISPR/Cas9-targeted knockout of rice susceptibility genes OsDjA2 and OsERF104 reveals alternative sources of resistance to Pyricularia oryzae. Rice Sci, 29(6):535-544.

[128]TudzynskiB, HölterK, 1998. Gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in Gibberella fujikuroi: evidence for a gene cluster. Fungal Genet Biol, 25(3):‍157-170.

[129]TudzynskiB, MihlanM, RojasMC, et al., 2003. Characterization of the final two genes of the gibberellin biosynthesis gene cluster of Gibberella fujikuroi: des and P450-3 encode GA₄ desaturase and the 13-hydroxylase, respectively. J Biol Chem, 278(31):28635-28643.

[130]UrbaniakC, DadwalS, BagramyanK, et al., 2018. Draft genome sequence of a clinical isolate of Fusarium fujikuroi isolated from a male patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Genome Announc, 6(25):e00476-18.

[131]VarugheseT, RiosN, HigginbothamS, et al., 2012. Antifungal depsidone metabolites from Cordyceps dipterigena, an endophytic fungus antagonistic to the phytopathogen Gibberella fujikuroi. Tetrahedron Lett, 53(13):1624-1626.

[132]VolanteA, TondelliA, AragonaM, et al., 2017. Identification of bakanae disease resistance loci in japonica rice through genome wide association study. Rice, 10:29.

[133]WallnerES, López-SalmerónV, GrebT, 2016. Strigolactone versus gibberellin signaling: reemerging concepts? Planta, 243(6):1339-1350.

[134]WangFJ, WangCL, LiuPQ, et al., 2016. Enhanced rice blast resistance by CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis of the ERF transcription factor gene OsERF922. PLoS ONE, 11(4):e0154027.

[135]WangY, WangYT, YangRF, et al., 2021. Effects of gibberellin priming on seedling emergence and transcripts involved in mesocotyl elongation in rice under deep direct-seeding conditions. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci B (Biomed & Biotechnol), 22(12):1002-1021.

[136]WatanabeS, KumakuraK, IzawaN, et al., 2007. Mode of action of Trichoderma asperellum SKT-1, a biocontrol agent against Gibberella fujikuroi. J Pest Sci, 32(3):‍222-228.

[137]WiemannP, SieberCMK, von BargenKW, et al., 2013. Deciphering the cryptic genome: genome-wide analyses of the rice pathogen Fusarium fujikuroi reveal complex regulation of secondary metabolism and novel metabolites. PLoS Pathog, 9(6):e1003475.

[138]WuJY, SunYN, ZhouXJ, et al., 2020. A new mutation genotype of K218T in myosin-5 confers resistance to phenamacril in rice bakanae disease in the field. Plant Dis, 104(4):‍1151-1157.

[139]XueZL, ZhongS, ShenJH, et al., 2023. Multiple mutations in SDHB and SDHC₂ subunits confer resistance to the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor cyclobutrifluram in Fusarium fujikuroi. J Agric Food Chem, 71(8):3694-3704.

[140]YabutaT, 1935. Biochemistry of the “bakanae” fungus of rice. Agric Hortic, 10:17-22.

[141]YabutaT, SumikiT, 1938. Communication to the editor. J Agric Chem Soc Japan, 14:1526.

[142]YanYX, ZhangXY, TanYY, et al., 2022. Establishment of an artificial inoculation system for the efficient induction of rice bakanae disease. Crop Des, 1(2):100016.

[143]YangCD, GuoLB, LiXM, et al., 2006. Analysis of QTLs for resistance to rice bakanae disease. Chin J Rice Sci, 20(6):657-659 (in Chinese).

[144]YasminM, HossainKS, BasharMA, 2008. Effects of some angiospermic plant extracts on in vitro vegetative growth of Fusarium moniliforme. Bangladesh J Bot, 37(1):‍85-88.

[145]YuKS, SunSK, 1976. Ascospore liberation of Gibberella fujikuroi and its contamination of rice grains. Plant Prot Bull Taiwan, 18(4):319-329.

[146]ZainudinNAIM, RazakAA, SallehB, 2008. Secondary metabolite profiles and mating populations of Fusarium species in section Liseola associated with bakanae disease of rice. Malay J Microbiol, 4(1):6-13.

[147]ZeinabK, HassanAA, 2019. Antifungal potential and characterization of plant extracts against Fusarium fujikuroi on rice. J Plant Prot Pathol, 10(7):369-376. https://dio.org/10.21608/jppp.2019.53671

[148]ZhangSY, DaiDJ, WangHD, et al., 2019. One-step loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the rapid and sensitive detection of Fusarium fujikuroi in bakanae disease through NRPS31, an important gene in the gibberellic acid bio-synthesis. Sci Rep, 9:3726.

[149]ZhangYM, ZhengL, XieKB, 2023. CRISPR/dCas9-mediated gene silencing in two plant fungal pathogens. mSphere, 8(1):e00594-22.

[150]ZhuQ, WuYB, ChenM, et al., 2022. Preinoculation with endophytic fungus Phomopsis liquidambaris reduced rice bakanae disease caused by Fusarium proliferatum via enhanced plant resistance. J Appl Microbiol, 133(3):‍‍1566-1580.