Abstract: The cosmetic sector is a multibillion-dollar industry that requires constant attention being paid to innovative product development and engagement. Notably, its market value is projected to exceed 750 billion U.S. dollars by 2025, and it is expanding as novel, climate-friendly, green, and sustainable components from natural sources are incorporated. This review is written based on the numerous reports on the potential applications of food-derived peptides while focusing on their possible uses in the formulation of cosmeceutical and skincare products. First, the production methods of bioactive peptides linked to cosmeceutical uses are described. Then, we discuss the obtainment and characterization of different anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-aging, and other pleiotropic peptides with their specific mechanisms, from various food sources. The review concludes with salient considerations of the cost of production and pilot scale operation, stability, compatibility, user safety, site-specificity, and delivery methods, when designing or developing biopeptide-based cosmeceutical products.

生物活性肽在药妆中的应用：综述

[1]Aguilar-ToaláJE, LiceagaAM, 2020. Identification of chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.) peptides with enzyme inhibition activity towards skin-aging enzymes. Amino Acids, 52(8):1149-1159.

[2]Aguilar-ToaláJE, Santiago-LópezL, PeresCM, et al., 2017. Assessment of multifunctional activity of bioactive peptides derived from fermented milk by specific Lactobacillus plantarum strains. J Dairy Sci, 100(1):65-75.

[3]Aguilar-ToaláJE, Hernández-MendozaA, González-CórdovaAF, et al., 2019. Potential role of natural bioactive peptides for development of cosmeceutical skin products. Peptides, 122:170170.

[4]AgyeiD, OngkudonCM, WeiCY, et al., 2016. Bioprocess challenges to the isolation and purification of bioactive peptides. Food Bioprod Process, 98:244-256.

[5]AhmedAS, El-BassionyT, ElmaltLM, et al., 2015. Identification of potent antioxidant bioactive peptides from goat milk proteins. Food Res Int, 74:80-88.

[6]AhmedM, VermaAK, PatelR, 2020. Collagen extraction and recent biological activities of collagen peptides derived from sea-food waste: a review. Sustain Chem Pharm, 18:100315.

[7]AkbarianM, KhaniA, EghbalpourS, et al., 2022. Bioactive peptides: synthesis, sources, applications, and proposed mechanisms of action. Int J Mol Sci, 23(3):1445.

[8]AlamgirANM, 2017. Classification of drugs, nutraceuticals, functional food, and cosmeceuticals; proteins, peptides, and enzymes as drugs. In: Alamgir ANM (Ed.), Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts: Volume 1: Pharmacognosy. Springer, Cham, p.125-175.

[9]AlashiAM, BlanchardCL, MailerRJ, et al., 2014. Antioxidant properties of Australian canola meal protein hydrolysates. Food Chem, 146:500-506.

[10]Al-HaddadS, AwadA, AlbateD, et al., 2020. Factors affecting green cosmetics purchase intention. J Manag Inform Dec Sci, 23(4):332-342.

[11]Alu'dattMH, Al-u'dattDAG, AlhamadMN, et al., 2021. Characterization and biological properties of peptides isolated from dried fermented cow milk products by RP-HPLC: amino acid composition, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties. J Food Sci, 86(7):3046-3060.

[12]Alvarado PérezY, Muro UristaC, Maciel CerdaA, et al., 2019. Antihypertensive and antioxidant properties from whey protein hydrolysates produced by encapsulated Bacillus subtilis cells. Int J Pept Res Ther, 25(2):681-689.

[13]AshaoluTJ, 2020. Antioxidative peptides derived from plants for human nutrition: their production, mechanisms and applications. Eur Food Res Technol, 246(5):853-865.

[14]AshaoluTJ, YupanquiCT, 2017. Suppressive activity of enzymatically-educed soy protein hydrolysates on degranulation in IgE-antigen complex-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Funct Foods Health Dis, 7(7):545-561.

[15]AshaoluTJ, YantiamN, YupanquiCT, 2017. Immunomodulatory effects of pepsin-educed soy protein hydrolysate in rats and murine cells. Funct Foods Health Dis, 7(11):889-900.

[16]AsserinJ, LatiE, ShioyaT, et al., 2015. The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. J Cosmet Dermatol, 14(4):291-301.

[17]BamdadF, BarkS, KwonCH, et al., 2017. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of peptides released from β-lactoglobulin by high hydrostatic pressure-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. Molecules, 22(6):949.

[18]BeaulieuL, BonduS, DoironK, et al., 2015. Characterization of antibacterial activity from protein hydrolysates of the macroalga Saccharina longicruris and identification of peptides implied in bioactivity. J Funct Foods, 17:685-697.

[19]Beltrán-BarrientosLM, GarcíaHS, Torres-LlanezMJ, et al., 2017. Safety of milk-derived bioactive peptides. Int J Dairy Technol, 70(1):16-22.

[20]BhatZF, KumarS, BhatHF, 2017. Antihypertensive peptides of animal origin: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr, 57(3):566-578.

[21]BoshtamM, AsgaryS, KouhpayehS, et al., 2017. Aptamers against pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a review. Inflammation, 40(1):340-349.

[22]Castañeda-ValbuenaD, Berenguer-MurciaÁ, Fernandez-LafuenteR, et al., 2022. Biological activities of peptides obtained by pepsin hydrolysis of fishery products. Process Biochem, 120:53-63.

[23]Castro-JácomeTP, Alcántara-QuintanaLE, Montalvo-GonzálezE, et al., 2021. Skin-protective properties of peptide extracts produced from white sorghum grain kafirins. Ind Crop Prod, 167:113551.

[24]ChenTJ, HouH, FanY, et al., 2016. Protective effect of gelatin peptides from Pacific cod skin against photoaging by inhibiting the expression of MMPs via MAPK signaling pathway. J Photochem Photobiol B, 165:34-41.

[25]ChenYM, ShihTW, ChiuCP, et al., 2013. Effects of lactic acid bacteria-fermented soy milk on melanogenesis in B16F0 melanocytes. J Funct Foods, 5(1):395-405.

[26]ChiCF, WangB, DengYY, et al., 2014. Isolation and characterization of three antioxidant pentapeptides from protein hydrolysate of monkfish (Lophius litulon) muscle. Food Res Int, 55:222-228.

[27]ChoiD, MinSG, JoYJ, 2018. Functionality of porcine skin hydrolysates produced by hydrothermal processing for liposomal delivery system. J Food Biochem, 42:e12464.

[28]ChopraH, TsagkarisC, MatthewsL, et al., 2023. Novel approaches for the application of herbs for skin care. Curr Pharmaceut Biotechnol, 24(1):164-187.

[29]CiceroAFG, FogacciF, CollettiA, 2017. Potential role of bioactive peptides in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: a narrative review. Br J Pharmacol, 174(11):1378-1394.

[30]CorrêaAPF, BertoliniD, LopesNA, et al., 2019. Characterization of nanoliposomes containing bioactive peptides obtained from sheep whey hydrolysates. LWT, 101:107-112.

[31]DiniI, MancusiA, 2023. Food peptides for the nutricosmetic industry. Antioxidants, 12(4):788.

[32]DorniAIC, AmalrajA, GopiS, et al., 2017. Novel cosmeceuticals from plants—an industry guided review. J Appl Res Med Aromat Plants, 7:1-26.

[33]DurandR, FrabouletE, MaretteA, et al., 2019. Simultaneous double cationic and anionic molecule separation from herring milt hydrolysate and impact on resulting fraction bioactivities. Sep Purif Technol, 210:431-441.

[34]DuteilL, Queille-RousselC, MaubertY, et al., 2016. Specific natural bioactive type 1 collagen peptides oral intake reverse skin aging signs in mature women. J Aging Res Clin Practice, 5(2):84-92.

[35]Fernández-ToméS, AshaoluTJ, Hernández-LedesmaB, 2023. Exploration of the nutritional and functional properties of underutilized grains as an alternative source for the research of food-derived bioactive peptides. Nutrients, 15(2):351.

[36]FonsecaS, AmaralMN, ReisCP, et al., 2023. Marine natural products as innovative cosmetic ingredients. Mar Drugs, 21(3):170.

[37]FontouraR, DaroitDJ, CorrêaAPF, et al., 2019. Characterization of a novel antioxidant peptide from feather keratin hydrolysates. New Biotechnol, 49:71-76.

[38]FosgerauK, HoffmannT, 2015. Peptide therapeutics: current status and future directions. Drug Discov Today, 20(1):122-128.

[39]GargC, 2017. Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and plant inhibitors. Int J Green Pharm, 11(2):S217-S232.

[40]GeMX, ChenRP, ZhangL, et al., 2023. Novel Ca-chelating peptides from protein hydrolysate of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): preparation, characterization, and calcium absorption efficiency in Caco-2 cell monolayer model. Mar Drugs, 21(11):579.

[41]HakutaA, YamaguchiY, OkawaT, et al., 2017. Anti-inflammatory effect of collagen tripeptide in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci, 88(3):357-364.

[42]HallF, JohnsonPE, LiceagaA, 2018. Effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on bioactive properties and allergenicity of cricket (Gryllodes sigillatus) protein. Food Chem, 262:39-47.

[43]HanJH, BangJS, ChoiYJ, et al., 2019. Oral administration of oyster (Crassostrea gigas) hydrolysates protects against wrinkle formation by regulating the MAPK pathway in UVB-irradiated hairless mice. Photochem Photobiol Sci, 18(6):1436-1446.

[44]HarnedyPA, O'KeeffeMB, FitzGeraldRJ, 2017. Fractionation and identification of antioxidant peptides from an enzymatically hydrolysed Palmaria palmata protein isolate. Food Res Int, 100:416-422.

[45]HeR, LiuMT, ZouZP, et al., 2022. Anti-inflammatory activity of peptides derived from millet bran in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct, 13(4):1881-1889.

[46]Homayouni-TabriziM, AsoodehA, SoltaniM, 2017. Cytotoxic and antioxidant capacity of camel milk peptides: effects of isolated peptide on superoxide dismutase and catalase gene expression. J Food Drug Anal, 25(3):567-575.

[47]HouH, LiBF, ZhangZH, et al., 2012. Moisture absorption and retention properties, and activity in alleviating skin photodamage of collagen polypeptide from marine fish skin. Food Chem, 135(3):1432-1439.

[48]HuXM, WangYM, ZhaoYQ, et al., 2020. Antioxidant peptides from the protein hydrolysate of monkfish (Lophius litulon) muscle: purification, identification, and cytoprotective function on HepG2 cells damage by H₂O₂. Mar Drugs, 18(3):153.

[49]Husein el HadmedH, CastilloRF, 2016. Cosmeceuticals: peptides, proteins, and growth factors. J Cosmet Dermatol, 15(4):514-519.

[50]IrshadI, KanekanianA, PetersA, et al., 2015. Antioxidant activity of bioactive peptides derived from bovine casein hydrolysate fractions. J Food Sci Technol, 52(1):231-239.

[51]JangHL, LiceagaAM, YoonKY, 2016. Purification, characterisation and stability of an antioxidant peptide derived from sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) protein hydrolysates. J Funct Foods, 20:433-442.

[52]JinHS, SongK, BaekJH, et al., 2018. Identification of matrix metalloproteinase-1-suppressive peptides in feather keratin hydrolysate. J Agric Food Chem, 66(48):12719-12729.

[53]KarkouchI, TabbeneO, GharbiD, et al., 2017. Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibiofilm activities of synthesized peptides derived from Vicia faba protein hydrolysate: a powerful agents in cosmetic application. Ind Crop Prod, 109:310-319.

[54]KawaguchiT, NanbuPN, KurokawaM, 2012. Distribution of prolylhydroxyproline and its metabolites after oral administration in rats. Biol Pharm Bull, 35(3):422-427.

[55]KelleherMM, PhillipsR, BrownSJ, et al., 2022. Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2(11):CD013534.

[56]KesslerF, NielsenMBR, TøstesenM, et al., 2019. Consumer perception of snack sausages enriched with umami-tasting meat protein hydrolysates. Meat Sci, 150:65-76.

[57]KetnawaS, LiceagaAM, 2017. Effect of microwave treatments on antioxidant activity and antigenicity of fish frame protein hydrolysates. Food Bioprocess Technol, 10(3):582-591.

[58]KetnawaS, WickramathilakaM, LiceagaAM, 2018. Changes on antioxidant activity of microwave-treated protein hydrolysates after simulated gastrointestinal digestion: purification and identification. Food Chem, 254:36-46.

[59]KimJM, KimSY, NohEM, et al., 2018. Reversine inhibits MMP-1 and MMP-3 expressions by suppressing of ROS/MAPK/AP-1 activation in UV-stimulated human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Experim Dermatol, 27(3):298-301.

[60]KobayashiT, NagaoK, 2019. “Deepening” insight on skin aging and anti-microbial immunity. Cell Metab, 29(3):515-517.

[61]KobbiS, NedjarN, ChihibN, et al., 2018. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new peptides from Alfalfa RuBisCO protein hydrolysates and mode of action via a membrane damage mechanism against Listeria innocua. Microb Pathog, 115:41-49.

[62]KristensenJH, KarsdalMA, 2016. Chapter 30 ‒ Elastin. In: Karsdal MA (Ed.), Biochemistry of Collagens, Laminins and Elastin. Academic Press, Amsterdam, p.197-201.

[63]KrukJ, DuchnikE, 2014. Oxidative stress and skin diseases: possible role of physical activity. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 15(2):561-568.

[64]KubglomsongS, TheerakulkaitC, ReedRL, et al., 2018. Isolation and identification of tyrosinase-inhibitory and copper-chelating peptides from hydrolyzed rice-bran-derived albumin. J Agric Food Chem, 66(31):8346-8354.

[65]LeTD, SuttikhanaI, AshaoluTJ, 2023a. State of the art on the separation and purification of proteins by magnetic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnol, 21:363.

[66]LeTD, SuttikhanaI, AshaoluTJ, 2023b. Unconventional production strategies, action mechanisms, and structure-functional attributes of food-derived peptides. Food Hydrocoll, 144:109054.

[67]LeirósGJ, KusinskyAG, BalañáME, et al., 2017. Triolein reduces MMP-1 upregulation in dermal fibroblasts generated by ROS production in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci, 85(2):124-130.

[68]LimHS, ChunSM, SoungMG, et al., 2015. Antimicrobial efficacy of granulysin-derived synthetic peptides in acne vulgaris. Int J Dermatol, 54(7):853-862.

[69]LimaTN, Pedriali MoraesCA, 2018. Bioactive peptides: applications and relevance for cosmeceuticals. Cosmetics, 5(1):21.

[70]LimbertG, MasenMA, PondD, et al., 2019. Biotribology of the ageing skin—why we should care. Biotribology, 17:75-90.

[71]LiuCY, MaXM, CheS, et al., 2018. The effect of hydrolysis with neutrase on molecular weight, functional properties, and antioxidant activities of Alaska pollock protein isolate. J Ocean Uni China, 17(6):1423-1431.

[72]LiuYF, EichlerJ, PischetsriederM, 2015. Virtual screening of a milk peptide database for the identification of food-derived antimicrobial peptides. Mol Nutr Food Res, 59(11):2243-2254.

[73]LuJH, HouH, FanY, et al., 2017. Identification of MMP-1 inhibitory peptides from cod skin gelatin hydrolysates and the inhibition mechanism by MAPK signaling pathway. J Funct Foods, 33:251-260.

[74]LueangsakulthaiJ, JangprommaN, TemsiripongT, et al., 2017. A novel antibacterial peptide derived from Crocodylus siamensis haemoglobin hydrolysate induces membrane permeabilization causing iron dysregulation, oxidative stress and bacterial death. J Appl Microbiol, 123(4):819-831.

[75]MaY, LiuJ, ShiHM, et al., 2016. Isolation and characterization of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from whey protein. J Dairy Sci, 99(9):6902-6912.

[76]MaamarM, ArtimeA, ParienteE, et al., 2022. Post-COVID-19 syndrome, low-grade inflammation and inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study. Curr Med Res Opin, 38(6):901-909.

[77]MaedaK, 2018. Skin-moisturizing effect of collagen peptides taking orally. J Nutr Food Sci, 8(2):1000682.

[78]Memarpoor-YazdiM, AsoodehA, ChamaniJ, 2012. A novel antioxidant and antimicrobial peptide from hen egg white lysozyme hydrolysates. J Funct Foods, 4(1):278-286.

[79]MeramC, WuJP, 2017. Anti-inflammatory effects of egg yolk livetins (α, β, and γ-livetin) fraction and its enzymatic hydrolysates in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Food Res Int, 100:449-459.

[80]MontalvoGEB, Thomaz-SoccolV, VandenbergheLPS, et al., 2019. Arthrospira maxima OF15 biomass cultivation at laboratory and pilot scale from sugarcane vinasse for potential biological new peptides production. Bioresour Technol, 273:103-113.

[81]Moreno-MontoroM, Olalla-HerreraM, Rufián-HenaresJÁ, et al., 2017. Antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory and antimicrobial activity of fermented goat milk: activity and physicochemical property relationship of the peptide components. Food Funct, 8(8):2783-2791.

[82]MudgilP, OmarLS, KamalH, et al., 2019. Multi-functional bioactive properties of intact and enzymatically hydrolysed quinoa and amaranth proteins. LWT, 110:207-213.

[83]MuttenthalerM, KingGF, AdamsDJ, et al., 2021. Trends in peptide drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 20(4):309-325.

[84]NakchumL, KimSM, 2016. Preparation of squid skin collagen hydrolysate as an antihyaluronidase, antityrosinase, and antioxidant agent. Prep Biochem Biotechnol, 46(2):123-130.

[85]NegahdaripourM, OwjiH, EslamiM, et al., 2019. Selected application of peptide molecules as pharmaceutical agents and in cosmeceuticals. Expert Opin Biol Ther, 19(12):1275-1287.

[86]NgohYY, GanCY, 2016. Enzyme-assisted extraction and identification of antioxidative and α-amylase inhibitory peptides from Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto). Food Chem, 190:331-337.

[87]NiyonsabaF, KiatsurayanonC, ChieosilapathamP, et al., 2017. Friends or foes? Host defense (antimicrobial) peptides and proteins in human skin diseases. Exper Dermatol, 26(11):989-998.

[88]Norzagaray-ValenzuelaCD, Valdez-OrtizA, SheltonLM, et al., 2017. Residual biomasses and protein hydrolysates of three green microalgae species exhibit antioxidant and anti-aging activity. J Appl Phycol, 29(1):189-198.

[89]ObaC, OharaH, MorifujiM, et al., 2013. Collagen hydrolysate intake improves the loss of epidermal barrier function and skin elasticity induced by UVB irradiation in hairless mice. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 29(4):204-211.

[90]OchiaiA, TanakaS, TanakaT, et al., 2016. Rice bran protein as a potent source of antimelanogenic peptides with tyrosinase inhibitory activity. J Nat Prod, 79(10):2545-2551.

[91]OffengendenM, ChakrabartiS, WuJP, 2018. Chicken collagen hydrolysates differentially mediate anti-inflammatory activity and type I collagen synthesis on human dermal fibroblasts. Food Sci Hum Wellness, 7(2):138-147.

[92]PanX, ZhaoYQ, HuFY, et al., 2016. Preparation and identification of antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of skate (Raja porosa) cartilage. J Funct Foods, 25:220-230.

[93]PanXY, WangYM, LiL, et al., 2019. Four antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of red stingray (Dasyatis akajei) cartilages: isolation, identification, and in vitro activity evaluation. Mar Drugs, 17(5):263.

[94]PfalzgraffA, BrandenburgK, WeindlG, 2018. Antimicrobial peptides and their therapeutic potential for bacterial skin infections and wounds. Front Pharmacol, 9:281.

[95]PurnamawatiS, IndrastutiN, DanartiR, et al., 2017. The role of moisturizers in addressing various kinds of dermatitis: a review. Clin Med Res, 15(3-4):75-87.

[96]Ramos-e-SilvaM, Ramos-e-SilvaS, CarneiroS, 2015. Acne in women. Br J Dermatol, 172(S1):20-26.

[97]RaniS, PoojaK, PalGK, 2018. Exploration of rice protein hydrolysates and peptides with special reference to antioxidant potential: computational derived approaches for bio-activity determination. Trends Food Sci Technol, 80:61-70.

[98]SaisavoeyT, SangtanooP, ChanchaoC, et al., 2021. Identification of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from bee pollen (Apis mellifera) hydrolysate in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. J Apic Res, 60(2):280-289.

[99]SanchezA, BlancoM, CorreaB, et al., 2018. Effect of fish collagen hydrolysates on type I collagen mRNA levels of human dermal fibroblast culture. Mar Drugs, 16(5):144.

[100]SaranrajP, NaiduMA, 2013. Hyaluronic acid production and its applications ‒ a review. Int J Pharm Biol Arch, 4(5):853-859.

[101]ShengY, QiuYT, WangYM, et al., 2022. Novel antioxidant collagen peptides of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) cartilages: the preparation, characterization, and cytoprotection of H₂O₂-damaged human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Mar Drugs, 20(5):325.

[102]ShinJW, KwonSH, ChoiJY, et al., 2019. Molecular mechanisms of dermal aging and antiaging approaches. Int J Mol Sci, 20(9):2126.

[103]ShinKO, ParkHS, 2019. Antiaging cosmeceuticals in Korea and open innovation in the era of the 4th industrial revolution: from research to business. Sustainability, 11(3):898.

[104]SongHD, ZhangSQ, ZhangL, et al., 2017. Effect of orally administered collagen peptides from bovine bone on skin aging in chronologically aged mice. Nutrients, 9(11):1209.

[105]Statista, 2023. Value of the Cosmetics Market Worldwide from 2018 to 2025. https://www.statista.com/statistics/585522/global-value-cosmetics-market

[106]SunXH, ChakrabartiS, FangJ, et al., 2016. Low-molecular-weight fractions of Alcalase hydrolyzed egg ovomucin extract exert anti-inflammatory activity in human dermal fibroblasts through the inhibition of tumor necrosis factor‒mediated nuclear factor κB pathway. Nutr Res, 36(7):648-657.

[107]SuttisuwanR, PhunpruchS, SaisavoeyT, et al., 2019. Isolation and characterization of anti-inflammatory peptides derived from trypsin hydrolysis of microalgae protein (Synechococcus sp. VDW). Food Biotechnol, 33(4):303-324.

[108]SuwalS, KetnawaS, LiceagaAM, et al., 2018. Electro-membrane fractionation of antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysates of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) byproducts. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol, 45:122-131.

[109]TanakaM, KoyamaYI, NomuraY, 2009. Effects of collagen peptide ingestion on UV-B-induced skin damage. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 73(4):930-932.

[110]TaniguchiM, KamedaM, NamaeT, et al., 2017. Identification and characterization of multifunctional cationic peptides derived from peptic hydrolysates of rice bran protein. J Funct Foods, 34:287-296.

[111]TaofiqO, González-ParamásAM, MartinsA, et al., 2016. Mushrooms extracts and compounds in cosmetics, cosmeceuticals and nutricosmetics—a review. Ind Crop Prod, 90:38-48.

[112]TkaczewskaJ, BukowskiM, MakP, 2019. Identification of antioxidant peptides in enzymatic hydrolysates of carp (Cyprinus carpio) skin gelatin. Molecules, 24(1):97.

[113]TuML, ChengSZ, LuWH, et al., 2018. Advancement and prospects of bioinformatics analysis for studying bioactive peptides from food-derived protein: sequence, structure, and functions. TrAC Trends Anal Chem, 105:7-17.

[114]Urbizo-ReyesU, San Martin-GonzálezMF, Garcia-BravoJ, et al., 2019. Physicochemical characteristics of chia seed (Salvia hispanica) protein hydrolysates produced using ultrasonication followed by microwave-assisted hydrolysis. Food Hydrocoll, 97:105187.

[115]VarmaSR, SivaprakasamTO, ArumugamI, et al., 2019. In vitro anti-inflammatory and skin protective properties of Virgin coconut oil. J Trad Compl Med, 9(1):5-14.

[116]VelliquetteRA, FastDJ, MalyER, et al., 2020. Enzymatically derived sunflower protein hydrolysate and peptides inhibit NFκB and promote monocyte differentiation to a dendritic cell phenotype. Food Chem, 319:126563.

[117]VoTS, RyuB, KimSK, 2013. Purification of novel anti-inflammatory peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of the edible microalgal Spirulina maxima. J Funct Foods, 5(3):1336-1346.

[118]WangJ, WangYM, LiLY, et al., 2022. Twelve antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) roe prepared by flavourzyme: purification, sequence identification, and activity evaluation. Front Nutr, 8:813780.

[119]WangSG, ZhengL, ZhaoTT, et al., 2020. Inhibitory effects of walnut (Juglans regia) peptides on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide-induced cognitive impairment mice. J Agric Food Chem, 68(8):2381-2392.

[120]WangYM, ZhangZ, ShengY, et al., 2024. A systematic review on marine umami peptides: biological sources, preparation methods, structure-umami relationship, mechanism of action and biological activities. Food Biosci, 57:103637.

[121]WangYW, ChenHX, WangXM, et al., 2015. Isolation and identification of a novel peptide from zein with antioxidant and antihypertensive activities. Food Funct, 6(12):3799-3806.

[122]WangYZ, ZhaoYQ, WangYM, et al., 2021. Antioxidant peptides from Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) hydrolysate: preparation, identification and cytoprotection on H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress. J Funct Foods, 86:104701.

[123]Watanabe-KamiyamaM, ShimizuM, KamiyamaS, et al., 2010. Absorption and effectiveness of orally administered low molecular weight collagen hydrolysate in rats. J Agric Food Chem, 58(2):835-841.

[124]WuYZ, ChoiMH, LiJH, et al., 2016. Mushroom cosmetics: the present and future. Cosmetics, 3(3):22.

[125]XiaJY, WangG, LinJH, et al., 2016. Advances and practices of bioprocess scale-up. In: Bao J, Ye Q, Zhong JJ (Eds.), Bioreactor Engineering Research and Industrial Applications II. Springer, Berlin, p.137-151.

[126]XiaoZB, LiangP, ChenJL, et al., 2019. A peptide YGDEY from tilapia gelatin hydrolysates inhibits UVB-mediated skin photoaging by regulating MMP-1 and MMP-9 expression in HaCaT cells. Photochem Photobiol, 95(6):1424-1432.

[127]XuSM, ZhaoYP, SongWS, et al., 2023. Improving the sustainability of processing by-products: extraction and recent biological activities of collagen peptides. Foods, 12(10):1965.

[128]YangG, SeokJK, KangHC, et al., 2020. Skin barrier abnormalities and immune dysfunction in atopic dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci, 21(8):2867.

[129]YazakiM, ItoY, YamadaM, et al., 2017. Oral ingestion of collagen hydrolysate leads to the transportation of highly concentrated Gly-Pro-Hyp and its hydrolyzed form of Pro-Hyp into the bloodstream and skin. J Agric Food Chem, 65(11):2315-2322.

[130]YeoI, LeeYJ, SongK, et al., 2018. Low-molecular weight keratins with anti-skin aging activity produced by anaerobic digestion of poultry feathers with Fervidobacterium islandicum AW-1. J Biotechnol, 271:17-25.

[131]YuWL, FieldCJ, WuJP, 2018. Purification and identification of anti-inflammatory peptides from spent hen muscle proteins hydrolysate. Food Chem, 253:101-107.

[132]ZagueV, de FreitasV, da Costa RosaM, et al., 2011. Collagen hydrolysate intake increases skin collagen expression and suppresses matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity. J Med Food, 14(6):618-624.

[133]ZagueV, do AmaralJB, Rezende TeixeiraP, et al., 2018. Collagen peptides modulate the metabolism of extracellular matrix by human dermal fibroblasts derived from sun-protected and sun-exposed body sites. Cell Biol Int, 42(1):95-104.

[134]ZakyAA, Simal-GandaraJ, EunJB, et al., 2022. Bioactivities, applications, safety, and health benefits of bioactive peptides from food and by-products: a review. Front Nutr, 8:815640.

[135]Zanutto-ElguiMR, VieiraJCS, do PradoDZ, et al., 2019. Production of milk peptides with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties through fungal proteases. Food Chem, 278:823-831.

[136]ZhangM, MuTH, SunMJ, 2014. Purification and identification of antioxidant peptides from sweet potato protein hydrolysates by Alcalase. J Funct Foods, 7:191-200.

[137]ZhaoWH, LuoQB, PanX, et al., 2018. Preparation, identification, and activity evaluation of ten antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of swim bladders of miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy). J Funct Foods, 47:503-511.

[138]ZhaoYY, WangZY, ZhangJ, et al., 2018. Extraction and characterization of collagen hydrolysates from the skin of Rana chensinensis. 3 Biotech, 8(3):181.

[139]ZhmakMN, UtkinYN, AndreevaTV, et al., 2017. Peptide Inhibitors of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor. US Patent 9550808.