CLC number: TP302
On-line Access: 2024-08-27
Received: 2023-10-17
Revision Accepted: 2024-05-08
Crosschecked: 2015-11-04
Cited: 0
Clicked: 6213
Zhi-xiang Chen, Zhao-lin Li, Shan Cao, Fang Wang, Jie Zhou. Schedule refinement for homogeneous multi-core processors in the presence of manufacturing-caused heterogeneity[J]. Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering, 2015, 16(12): 1018-1033.
@article{title="Schedule refinement for homogeneous multi-core processors in the presence of manufacturing-caused heterogeneity",
author="Zhi-xiang Chen, Zhao-lin Li, Shan Cao, Fang Wang, Jie Zhou",
journal="Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering",
volume="16",
number="12",
pages="1018-1033",
year="2015",
publisher="Zhejiang University Press & Springer",
doi="10.1631/FITEE.1500035"
}
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%T Schedule refinement for homogeneous multi-core processors in the presence of manufacturing-caused heterogeneity
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%A Shan Cao
%A Fang Wang
%A Jie Zhou
%J Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering
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%D 2015
%I Zhejiang University Press & Springer
%DOI 10.1631/FITEE.1500035
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T1 - Schedule refinement for homogeneous multi-core processors in the presence of manufacturing-caused heterogeneity
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A1 - Shan Cao
A1 - Fang Wang
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J0 - Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering
VL - 16
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%@ 2095-9184
Y1 - 2015
PB - Zhejiang University Press & Springer
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DOI - 10.1631/FITEE.1500035
Abstract: Multi-core homogeneous processors have been widely used to deal with computation-intensive embedded applications. However, with the continuous down scaling of CMOS technology, within-die variations in the manufacturing process lead to a significant spread in the operating speeds of cores within homogeneous multi-core processors. Task scheduling approaches, which do not consider such heterogeneity caused by within-die variations, can lead to an overly pessimistic result in terms of performance. To realize an optimal performance according to the actual maximum clock frequencies at which cores can run, we present a heterogeneity-aware schedule refining (HASR) scheme by fully exploiting the heterogeneities of homogeneous multi-core processors in embedded domains. We analyze and show how the actual maximum frequencies of cores are used to guide the scheduling. In the scheme, representative chip operating points are selected and the corresponding optimal schedules are generated as candidate schedules. During the booting of each chip, according to the actual maximum clock frequencies of cores, one of the candidate schedules is bound to the chip to maximize the performance. A set of applications are designed to evaluate the proposed scheme. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can improve the performance by an average value of 22.2%, compared with the baseline schedule based on the worst case timing analysis. Compared with the conventional task scheduling approach based on the actual maximum clock frequencies, the proposed scheme also improves the performance by up to 12%.
This paper is concerned with task scheduling techniques for optimal throughput on homogeneous multi-core processors taking into account intra-/inter-die frequency difference caused by silicon process variation. The paper proposes an HATS scheme, which adapts the existing DAG-based scheduling techniques to actual maximum frequencies of cores. Some representive chip operating points are chosen first from all possible conditions to reduce memory usage, and then these points are stored into on-chip memory. During chip running, one appropriate point is further chosen and bound to cores according to actual maximum clock frequencies. The paper shows that the HATS scheme can improve the throughput of application benchmarks compared with other scheduling techniques. The study is well motivated and the authors clearly describe the scheduling challenge of different core clock frequencies, due to intra-/inter-die silicon process variation. Both candidate’s selection and its binding to chip are well presented (in particular, Algorithms 1,2,3 are very helpful for the reader). The paper also defines the problem in a formulation. That is useful and I enjoyed reading that.
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