Similar articles

Abstract: With the increased demand for unmanned driving technology and big-data transmission between vehicles, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology, due to its characteristics of large bandwidth and low latency, is considered to be the key technology in future vehicular communication systems. Different from traditional cellular communication, the vehicular communication environment has the characteristics of long distance and high moving speed. However, the existing communication channel tests mostly select low-speed and small-range communication scenarios for testing. The test results are insufficient to provide good data support for the existing vehicular communication research; therefore, in this paper, we carry out a large number of channel measurements in mmWave vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) long-distance communication scenarios in the 41 GHz band. We study the received signal strength (RSS) in detail and find that the vibration features of RSS can be best modeled by the modified two-path model considering road roughness. Based on the obtained RSS, a novel close-in (CI) model considering the effect of the transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) antenna heights (CI-TRH model) is developed. As for the channel characteristics, the distribution of the root-mean-square (RMS) delay spread is analyzed. We also extend the two-section exponential power delay profile (PDP) model to a more general form so that the distance-dependent features of the mmWave channel can be better modeled. Furthermore, the variation in both RMS delay spread and PDP shape parameters with TX-RX distance is analyzed. Analysis results show that TX and RX antenna heights have an effect on large-scale fading. Our modified two-path model, CI-TRH model, and two-section exponential PDP model are proved to be effective.

车地通信中定向毫米波传播的实证研究

[1]Analog Devices, 2013. AD8362: 50 Hz to 3.8 GHz 65 dB TruPwr^TM Detector. Norwood, MA 02062-9106, USA.

[2]Bernadó L, Zemen T, Tufvesson F, et al., 2015. Time- and frequency-varying K-factor of non-stationary vehicular channels for safety-relevant scenarios. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 16(2):1007-1017.

[3]Blumenstein J, Vychodil J, Pospisil M, et al., 2016. Effects of vehicle vibrations on mm-wave channel: Doppler spread and correlative channel sounding. Proc IEEE 27^th Annual Int Symp on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications, p.1-5.

[4]Blumenstein J, Prokes A, Vychodil J, et al., 2017. Time-varying K factor of the mm-Wave vehicular channel: velocity, vibrations and the road quality influence. Proc IEEE 28^th Annual Int Symp on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications, p.1-5.

[5]Blumenstein J, Prokes A, Vychodil J, et al., 2018. Measured high-resolution power-delay profiles of nonstationary vehicular millimeter wave channels. Proc IEEE 29^th Annual Int Symp on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, p.1-5.

[6]Boban M, Dupleich D, Iqbal N, et al., 2019. Multi-band vehicle-to-vehicle channel characterization in the presence of vehicle blockage. IEEE Access, 7:9724-9735.

[7]Groll H, Zöchmann E, Pratschner S, et al., 2019. Sparsity in the delay-Doppler domain for measured 60 GHz vehicle-to-infrastructure communication channels. Proc IEEE Int Conf on Communications Workshops, p.1-6.

[8]Guan K, He DP, Ai B, et al., 2018. Realistic channel characterization for 5G millimeter-wave railway communications. Proc IEEE Globecom Workshops, p.1-6.

[9]He DP, Ai B, Guan K, et al., 2018. Channel measurement, simulation, and analysis for high-speed railway communications in 5G millimeter-wave band. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 19(10):3144-3158.

[10]He DP, Wang LH, Guan K, et al., 2019. Channel characterization for mmWave vehicle-to-infrastructure communications in urban street environment. Proc 13^th European Conf on Antennas and Propagation, p.1-5.

[11]IEEE, 2012. Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 3: Enhancements for very High Throughput in the 60 GHz Band. IEEE Standard 802.11ad-2012.

[12]ITU, 2012. Propagation Data and Prediction Methods Required for the Design of Terrestrial Broadband Radio Access Systems Operating in a Frequency Range from 3 to 60 GHz. ITU-R P.1410-5.

[13]ITU, 2015. Effects of Building Materials and Structures on Radiowave Propagation above about 100 MHz. ITU-R P.2040-1.

[14]Lei MY, Zhang JH, Lei T, et al., 2016. 28-GHz indoor channel measurements and analysis of propagation characteristics. Proc IEEE 25^th Annual Int Symp on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication, p.208-212.

[15]MacCartney GRJr, Rappaport TS, 2017. Rural macrocell path loss models for millimeter wave wireless communications. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 35(7):1663-1677.

[16]MacCartney GRJr, Rappaport TS, Sun S, et al., 2015. Indoor office wideband millimeter-wave propagation measurements and channel models at 28 and 73 GHz for ultra-dense 5G wireless networks. IEEE Access, 3:2388-2424.

[17]Matolak DW, Sun RY, 2014. Initial results for air-ground channel measurements & modeling for unmanned aircraft systems: over-sea. Proc IEEE Aerospace Conf, p.1-15.

[18]Mecklenbrauker CF, Molisch AF, Karedal J, et al., 2011. Vehicular channel characterization and its implications for wireless system design and performance. Proc IEEE, 99(7):1189-1212.

[19]Meinel H, Plattner A, 1983. Millimetre-wave propagation along railway lines. IEE Proc F Commun Radar Signal Process, 130(7):688-694.

[20]Park JJ, Lee J, Kim KW, et al., 2018. 28 GHz Doppler measurements in high-speed expressway environments. Proc IEEE 29^th Annual Int Symp on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, p.1132-1133.

[21]Parsons, 2000. The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel (2^nd Ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA.

[22]Popović BM, 1999. Efficient golay correlator. Electron Lett, 35(17):1427-1428.

[23]Prokes A, Vychodil J, Pospisil M, et al., 2016. Time-domain nonstationary intra-car channel measurement in 60 GHz band. Proc Int Conf on Advanced Technologies for Communications, p.1-6.

[24]Prokes A, Vychodil J, Mikulasek T, et al., 2018. Time-domain broadband 60 GHz channel sounder for vehicle-to-vehicle channel measurement. Proc IEEE Vehicular Networking Conf, p.1-7.

[25]Rahman AU, Chandra A, Prokes A, et al., 2019. Doppler characteristics of 60 GHz mmWave I2I channels. Proc ICC IEEE Int Conf on Communications, p.1-6.

[26]Rappaport TS, MacCartney GR, Samimi MK, et al., 2015. Wideband millimeter-wave propagation measurements and channel models for future wireless communication system design. IEEE Trans Commun, 63(9):3029-3056.

[27]Sánchez MG, Táboas MP, Cid EL, 2017. Millimeter wave radio channel characterization for 5G vehicle-to-vehicle communications. Measurement, 95:223-229.

[28]Soliman M, Dawoud Y, Sand S, et al., 2018. Influences of train wagon vibrations on the mmwave wagon-to-wagon channel. Proc 12^th European Conf on Antennas and Propagation, p.1-5.

[29]Sun S, Rappaport TS, Thomas TA, et al., 2016. Investigation of prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and parameter stability of large-scale propagation path loss models for 5G wireless communications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 65(5):2843-2860.

[30]Yan D, Guan K, He DP, et al., 2020. Channel characterization for vehicle-to-infrastructure communications in millimeter-wave band. IEEE Access, 8:42325-42341.

[31]Yang BQ, Yu ZQ, Zhang RQ, et al., 2019. Local oscillator phase shifting and harmonic mixing-based high-precision phased array for 5G millimeter-wave communications. IEEE Trans Microw Theory Tech, 67(7):3162-3173.

[32]Yu DZ, Yue GR, Wei N, et al., 2019. Empirical study on directional millimeter-wave propagation in railway communications between train and trackside. IEEE J Sel Areas Commun, 38(12):2931-2945.

[33]Yue GR, Yu DZ, Qiu H, et al., 2019a. Measurements and ray tracing simulations for non-line-of-sight millimeter-wave channels in a confined corridor environment. IEEE Access, 7:85066-85081.

[34]Yue GR, Yu DZ, Cheng L, et al., 2019b. Millimeter-wave system for high-speed train communications between train and trackside: system design and channel measurements. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 68(12):11746-11761.

[35]Zhang X, Qiu G, Zhang JH, et al., 2019. Analysis of millimeter-wave channel characteristics based on channel measurements in indoor environments at 39 GHz. Proc 11^th Int Conf on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing, p.1-6.

[36]Zhou CM, 2017. Ray tracing and modal methods for modeling radio propagation in tunnels with rough walls. IEEE Trans Antenn Propag, 65(5):2624-2634.

[37]Zöchmann E, Mecklenbrauker CF, Lerch M, et al., 2018. Measured delay and Doppler profiles of overtaking vehicles at 60 GHz. Proc 12^th European Conf on Antennas and Propagation, p.1-5.

[38]Zöchmann E, Hofer M, Lerch M, et al., 2019. Position-specific statistics of 60 GHz vehicular channels during overtaking. IEEE Access, 7:14216-14232.