[1] Akira, S., Takeda, K., Kaisho, T., 2001. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat. Immunol., 2(8):675-680.

[2] Baseman, J.B., Lange, M., Criscimagna, N.L., Giron, J.A., Thomas, C.A., 1995. Interplay between mycoplasmas and host target cells. Microb. Pathog., 19(2):105-116.

[3] Buwitt-Beckmann, U., Heine, H., Wiesmuller, K.H., Jung, G., Brock, R., Akira, S., Ulmer, A.J., 2005. Toll-like receptor 6-independent signaling by diacylated lipopeptides. Eur. J. Immunol., 35(1):282-289.

[4] Chambaud, I., Wroblewski, H., Blanchard, A., 1999. Interactions between mycoplasma lipoproteins and the host immune system. Trends Microbiol., 7(12):493-499.

[5] Davis, K.L., Wise, K.S., 2002. Site-specific proteolysis of the MALP-404 lipoprotein determines the release of a soluble selective lipoprotein-associated motif-containing fragment and alteration of the surface phenotype of Mycoplasma fermentans. Infect. Immun., 70(3):1129-1135.

[6] Feng, S.H., Tsai, S., Rodriguez, J., Lo, S.C., 1999. Mycoplasmal infections prevent apoptosis and induce malignant transformation of interleukin-3-dependent 32D hematopoietic cells. Mol. Cell Biol., 19(12):7995-8002.

[7] Fujita, M., Into, T., Yasuda, M., Okusawa, T., Hamahira, S., Kuroki, Y., Eto, A., Nisizawa, T., Morita, M., Shibata, K.I., 2003. Involvement of leucine resides at position 107, 112, and 115 in a leucine-rich repeat motif of human Toll-like receptor 2 in the recognition of diacylated lipoprotein and lipopeptide and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycans. J. Immunol., 171(7):3675-3683.

[8] Garcia, J., Lemercier, B., Roman-Roman, S., Rawadi, G., 1998. A Mycoplasma fermentans-derived synthetic lipopeptide induces AP-1 and NF-κB activity and cytokine secretion in macrophages via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Biol. Chem., 273(51):34391-34398.

[9] Hall, R.E., Agarwal, S., Kestler, D.P., 2000. Induction of leukemia cell differentiation and apoptosis by recombinant P48, a modulin derived from Mycoplasma fermentans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 269(1):284-289.

[10] Henderson, B., Poole, S., Wleson, M., 1996. Bacterial modulins: a novel class of virulence factors which cause host tissue pathology by inducing cytokine synthesis. Microbiol. Rev., 60(2):316-341.

[11] Horino, A., Sasaki, Y., Sasaki, T., Kenri, T., 2003. Multiple promoter inversions generate surface antigenic variation in Mycoplasma penetrans. J. Bacteriol., 185(1):231-242.

[12] Into, T., Nodasaka, Y., Hasebe, A., Okuzawa, T., Nakamura, J., Ohata, N., Shibata, K., 2002a. Mycoplasmal lipoproteins induce Toll-like receptor 2 and caspases-mediated cell death in lymphocytes and monocytes. Microbiol. Immunol., 46(4):265-276.

[13] Into, T., Okada, K., Inoue, N., Yasuda, M., Shibata, K., 2002b. Extracellular ATP regulates cell death of lymphocytes and monocytes induced by membrane-bound lipoproteins of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma salivarium. Microbiol. Immunol., 46(10):667-675.

[14] Into, T., Kiura, K., Yasuda, M., Kataoka, H., Inoue, N., Hasebe, A., Takeda, K., Akira, S., Shibata, K., 2004. Stimulation of human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR6 with membrane lipoproteins of Mycoplasma fermentans induces apoptotic cell death after NF-kappa B activation. Cell. Microbiol., 6(2):187-199.

[15] Iyama, K., Zhang, S., Lo, S.C., 2001. Effects of mycoplasmal LAMPs on receptor responses to steroid hormones in mammalian cells. Curr. Microbiol., 43(3):163-169.

[16] Mühlradt, P.F., Schade, U., 1991. MDHM, a macrophage-stimulatory product of Mycoplasma fermentans, leads to in vitro interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, and prostaglandin production and is pyrogenic in rabbits. Infect. Immun., 59(11):3969-3974.

[17] Mühlradt, P.F., Frisch, M., 1994. Purification and partial biochemical characterization of a Mycoplasma fermentans-derived substance that activates macrophages to release nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-6. Infect. Immun., 62(9):3801-3807.

[18] Mühlradt, P.F., Kiess, M., Meyer, H., Sussmuth, R., Jung, G., 1997. Isolation, structure elucidation, and synthesis of a macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans acting at picomolar concentration. J. Exp. Med., 185(11):1951-1958.

[19] Rawadi, G., 2000. Mycoplasma fermentans interaction with monocytes/macrophages: molecular basis. Microbes Infect., 2(8):955-964.

[20] Rawadi, G., Roman-Roman, S., Castedo, M., Dutilleul, V., Susin, S., Marchetti, P., Geuskens, M., Kroemer, G., 1996. Effects of Mycoplasma fermentans on the myelomonocytic lineage. Different molecular entities with cytokine-inducing and cytocidal potential. J. Immunol., 156(2):670-678.

[21] Rawadi, G., Garcia, J., Lemercier, B., Roman-Roman, S., 1999. Signal transduction pathways involved in the activation of NF-kappa B, AP-1, and c-fos by Mycoplasma fermentans membrane lipoproteins in macrophages. J. Immunol., 162(4):2193-2203.

[22] Razin, S., Yogev, D., Naot, Y., 1998. Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiol. Rev., 62(4):1094-1156.

[23] Rock, F.L., Hardiman, G., Timans, J.C., Kastelein, R.A., Bazan, J.F., 1998. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95(2):588-593.

[24] Romero, F., Moreno, E., Ruiz-Bravo, A., Jimenez-Valera, M., 2004. In vivo immunomodulation by Mycoplasma fermentans membrane lipoprotein. Curr. Microbiol., 48(3):237-239.

[25] Roske, K., Blanchard, A., Chambaud, I., Citti, C., Helbig, J.H., Prevost, M.C., Rosengarten, R., Jacobs, E., 2001. Phase variation among major surface antigens of Mycoplasma penetrans. Infect. Immun., 69(12):7642-7651.

[26] Rottem, S., 2003. Interaction of mycoplasmas with host cells. Physiol. Rev., 83(2):417-432.

[27] Schroder, N.U., Heine, H., Alexander, C., Manukyan, M., Eckert, J., Hamann, L., Gobel, U.B., Schumann, R.R., 2004. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein binds to triacylated and diacylated lipopeptides and mediates innate immune responses. J. Immunol., 173(4):2683-2691.

[28] Seya, T., Matsumoto, M., 2002. A lipoprotein family from Mycoplasma fermentans confers host immune activation through Toll-like receptor 2. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 34(8):901-906.

[29] Shibata, K., Hasebe, A., Into, T., Yamada, M., Watanabe, T., 2000. The N-terminal lipopeptide of a 44-kDa membrane-bound lipoprotein of Mycoplasma salivarium is responsible for the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on the cell surface of normal human gingival fibroblasts. J. Immunol., 165(11):6538-6544.

[30] Shimizu, T., Kida, Y., Kuwano, K., 2004. Lipid-associated membrane proteins of Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma penetrans activate human immunodeficiency virus long-terminal repeats through Toll-like receptors. Immunology, 113(1):121-129.

[31] Shimizu, T., Kida, Y., Kuwano, K., 2005. A dipalmitoylated lipoprotein from Mycoplasma pneumoniae activates NF-κB through TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6. J. Immunol., 175(7):4641-4646.

[32] Simmons, W.L., Dybvig, K., 2003. The Vsa proteins modulate susceptibility of Mycoplasma pulmonis to complement killing, hemadsorption, and adherence to polystyrene. Infect. Immun., 71(10):5733-5738.

[33] Takeda, K., Akira, S., 2001. Roles of Toll-like receptors in innate immune responses. Genes Cells, 6(9):733-742.

[34] Takeuchi, O., Kaufmann, A., Grote, K., Kawai, T., Hoshino, K., Morr, M., Muhlradt, P.F., Akira, S., 2000. Cutting edge: preferentially the R-stereoisomer of the Mycoplasmal lipopeptide macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 activates immune cells through a Toll-Like receptor 2- and MyD88-dependent signaling pathway. J. Immunol., 164(2):554-557.

[35] Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Horiuchi, T., Hoshino, K., Takeda, K., Dong, Z., Modlin, R.L., Akira, S., 2002. Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins. J. Immunol., 169(1):10-14.

[36] Tu, A.H., Clapper, B., Schoeb, T.R., Elgavish, A., Zhang, J., Liu, L., Yu, H., Dybvig, K., 2005. Association of a major protein antigen of Mycoplasma arthritidis with virulence. Infect. Immun., 73(1):245-249.

[37] Zeng, Y.H., Wu, Y.M., Zhang, W.B., Yu, M.J., Zhu, C.M., Tan, L.Z., 2004. Activation of nuclear factor kappaB and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase by lipid-associated membrane proteins isolated from Mycoplasma penetrans. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.), 117(7):997-1001.

[38] Zhang, Q., Wise, K.S., 2001. Coupled phase-variable expression and epitope masking of selective surface lipoproteins increase surface phenotypic diversity in Mycoplasma hominis. Infect. Immun., 69(8):5177-5181.