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Abstract: diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. A long-term high-glucose environment leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and nuclear DNA damage. Human umbilical cord-derived MSC (HUcMSC) infusion induces significant antidiabetic effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) is important in promoting glucose metabolism in diabetes; however, the mechanism by which HUcMSC can treat diabetes through IGF1R and DNA damage repair remains unclear. In this study, a DM rat model was induced with high-fat diet feeding and streptozotocin (STZ) administration and rats were infused four times with HUcMSC. Blood glucose, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), the glomerular basement membrane, and renal function were examined. Proteins that interacted with IGF1R were determined through coimmunoprecipitation assays. The expression of IGF1R, Phospho-Checkpoint Kinase 2 (p-CHK2), and p-p53 was examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the serum levels of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Flow cytometry experiments were used to detect the surface markers of HUcMSC. The identification of the morphology and phenotype of HUcMSC was performed by way of oil red “O” staining and Alizarin Red staining. DM rats exhibited abnormal blood glucose, interleukin-6/10(IL-6/10) levels and renal function changes in the glomerular basement membrane, increased expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and IGF1R. IGF1R interacted with CHK2, and the expression of phosphorylated CHK2 (p-CHK2) was significantly decreased in IGF1R-knockdown cells. When cisplatin was used to induce DNA damage, the expression of p-CHK2 was higher than that in the IGF1R-knockdown group without cisplatin treatment. HUcMSC infusion ameliorated abnormalities and preserved kidney structure and function in DM rats. The expression of IGF1, IGF1R, p-CHK2, and phosphorylated p53(p-p53) and the level of 8-OHdG in the DM group increased significantly compared with those in the control group, and decreased after HUcMSC treatment. Our results suggested that IGF1R could interact with CHK2 and mediate DNA damage. HUcMSC infusion protected against kidney injury in DM rats. The underlying mechanisms may include HUcMSC-mediated enhancement of diabetes treatment via the IGF1R-CHK2-p53 signalling pathway.